radlines.org - User contributions [en]

Radlines:About

2020-09-20T22:12:33Z

Mikael Häggström: Updated

'''Radlines''' (at [https://www.radlines.org radlines.org]) is an online source for radiologists. It is an international, non-profit, open access, ad-free, MediaWiki-based online source that is editable by doctors, as well as selected administrators, while everyone is welcome to leave comments and suggestions at talk pages. The mission of Radlines is to gather the most relevant information in radiology and make it quickly accessible on the Internet free of charge, without ads, in perpetuity.

==Participation==
Editors of articles must be doctors of medicine, or have formal expertise in radiology by other means. The [[Radlines:Discussion page|Discussion pages]], on the other hand, are editable by everyone, even without logging in, for comments and suggestions. Newcomers start participating by completing a form, at:<br>- '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdqCj6TIIx8AuMiWthPWuohwxPoIVz7j0BUAIWQbrq-dT_Kqw/viewform Form: Application for Editor status (link)]'''<br>This will be reviewed by the board, and will generally be approved within a day during European daytime for radiologists or radiology trainees with a Doctor of Medicine degree. It does '''not''' require attaching any credentials such as a medical diploma. Yet, all edits made by the user are tracked in the MediaWiki software, and upon any irregular behavior, an investigation will be performed wherein the user may be requested to provide identification and credentials to the board. Failure to provide those items may result in that edits made by that user will be reverted. Thus, the activity of an editor is the main "job interview" in order to contribute. A possible adverse effect of this system is that the board may not know for certain whether an editor is actually a doctor or not, as long as she/he claims to be a doctor and edits like one. Yet, the quality of the content is thereby practically the same.

An Editor may still use an anonymous username, but real names must be used in the author lists at the top of articles, see [[Radlines:Authorship]].

Radlines may cooperate with other radiology-related organizations such as societies and hospitals, but is not directly affiliated with any such organization. Rather, it forms a community where individual doctors from all over the world can participate, regardless of memberships or affiliations with other organizations.

==Content structure==
Articles in Radlines can be directly found by search engine, either by the internal search box at top, or external ones. In addition, each article subject should be connected with the main page through a series of pages, so that a radiologist can quickly find their way to it by appearance or other distinction of the condition. For example, [[Pneumonia]] on a chest X-ray should be found by the following sequence:
*[[Main]] --> [[Thorax]] --> [[Chest radiograph]] --> [[Consolidation on chest radiograph]] --> [[Pneumonia]]

Radiologists should thereby be able to find an article about the type of image they have at hand through as little as 2 clicks, with no need to login, and no distracting ads.

''Further information: [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines|Editorial guidelines]].''

==What Radlines is NOT==
*Radlines is NOT a place to cut and paste '''copyrighted''' material, see [[Radlines:Copyright]]
*Radlines is NOT a place to '''promote''' own research, websites or organizations
*Radlines is not a '''mirror''' or a '''repository''' of images or media files: Uploads need to be relevant in the course of work for a radiologist, and must be properly integrated in its context, see [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines]]
*Radlines is NOT a place for editors who are '''protective''' of their prose: The project is collaborative, which means that other editors may edit, move and sometimes even remove the content
*Radlines is NOT a place to get personal medical '''advice''', see [[Radlines:Disclaimer]]

==Differences from Radiopaedia==
Radlines is in most ways a non-profit and ad-free alternative to Radiopaedia, which is currently the most comprehensive wiki-based reference work in radiology. Radiopaedia is a "business" owned by Investling.com,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://investling.com/|title=Our Businesses|accessdate=2018-05-14|website=Investling.com}}</ref> making profit by advertising and paid subscription. Radlines, on the other hand, is able to run on donations and volunteer time alone.

Radlines also has less restrictive licensing of its content. Radiopedia by default uses the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 license], which makes the material ineligible for integration into for example Wikimedia projects including Wikipedia. The "NonCommercial" part is contradictory to the business nature of the site. Content in Radlines, on the other hand, is by default licensed as [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Attribution 4.0 International license], which will allow the content to be used by a greater amount of scholarly websites around the world. Further information: [[Radlines:Copyright]]

Also, Radiopaedia has limited ability for finding content by hierarchical browsing. Although it has a sorting of articles by "Section" or "System", each of these categories contains hundreds to thousands of articles [https://radiopaedia.org/encyclopaedia/all/musculoskeletal?page=1 (Example)], with limited ability to conveniently find the most relevant content unless knowing the specific article title beforehand. Radlines, on the other hand, allows for browsing by anatomy, modality and visible findings, allowing readers to find the relevant information even without knowing the names for the radiologic findings at hand beforehand, nor which conditions are causing them. Further information: [[Radlines:Editorial_guidelines#Inter-article_structure|Editorial guidelines: Inter-article structure]]

{|class="wikitable"
! !! Radiopaedia !! Radlines
|-
| Non-profit || No || Yes
|-
| Ads or paid subscription || Yes || No
|-
| Financial statement || Secret || Open
|-
| Default license || [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ BY-NC-SA 3.0] || [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ BY 4.0]
|}

Radiopaedia started out in the same (but older versioned) WikiMedia system before switching to a separate platform, but MediaWiki has since evolved substantially, including support for scrollable stacks to display for example CT scans, and VisualEditor for editing without needing to learn wiki coding.

==Differences from other radiology-related sources==
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/ wikiradiography.net] is a free website for radiographers, sonographers and students of those professions, rather than radiologists.
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/ Wikipedia] is a general encyclopedia that does contain extensive information in radiology, but does not focus on presenting the information in an optimally concise way for radiologists in the course of their work. Otherwise, Radlines shares Wikipedia's feature of having most images uploaded to the shared database Wikimedia Commons [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page] (see also [[Radlines:Upload]]), making such images readily available for both Radlines and other online sources.

==Organization==
Radlines is a member wiki of [[Prowikis]], which is a non-profit organization aimed at the creation and technical maintenance of profession-specific wikis.

:''Further information: '''[[Prowikis]]'''''

===Editors===
{{Editor summary
| name =Mikael Häggström
| qualifications =[[Wikipedia:Doctor_of_Medicine#United_States_and_Canada|MD]]
| position =
| image =Mikael Häggström 2017 (wide).jpg
| link =https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mikael_H%C3%A4ggstr%C3%B6m
| professional_experience =Dr Mikael Häggström is from [[Wikipedia:Uddevalla|Uddevalla]], [[Wikipedia:Sweden|Sweden]], and graduated from [[Wikipedia:Uppsala University Faculty of Medicine|Uppsala University, Faculty of Medicine]] in 2013. He attended radiology residency at the radiology department at the [[Wikipedia:NU Hospital Group|NU Hospital Group]] between November 2016 and August 2019.
}}

{{Editor summary
| name =Rodrigo Horstmann Castilhos
| qualifications =
| position =
| image =
| link =https://radlines.org/index.php?title=User:Rhcastilhos
| professional_experience =
}}

==History==
[[File:Look of Radlines on the day of its creation.png|thumb|200px|Radlines (then named Radviser) on the day of its creation on April 10, 2018.]]
Radlines was created April 10, 2018 by Mikael Häggström, during his radiology residency in Sweden. He is also frequent Wikipedia editor ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mikael_H%C3%A4ggstr%C3%B6m Wikipedia presentation]), and also creator and editor-in-chief of [http://www.wikijmed.org/ WikiJournal of Medicine]. The project was started as "Radviser" on [https://meta.miraheze.org/wiki/Miraheze Miraheze], a free MediaWiki host, but moved to Civihosting servers on May 13. It was renamed to "Radlines" on May 23, 2018.

{|class="wikitable"
! Milestone !! Date !! Article
|-
| 100 pages || August 2, 2018 || [[Pelvic bones]] [https://radlines.org/index.php?title=Pelvic_bones&oldid=1431]
|-
| 200 pages || January 12, 2019 || [[Ultrasonography of hydronephrosis]] [https://radlines.org/index.php?title=Ultrasonography_of_hydronephrosis&oldid=2721]
|}

==See also==
*[[Radlines:Contribute]]
*[[Radlines:Editorial guidelines]]
*[[Radlines:Copyright]]

Social media pages:
*[https://www.facebook.com/radlines.org Facebook]
*[https://twitter.com/Radlines_org Twitter]

==References==
{{reflist}}

X-ray of hip dysplasia

2020-02-01T08:35:53Z

Mikael Häggström: /* Measurements in children */ Specified

[[File:Dislocated hip.jpg|thumb|Hip dysplasia with right-sided hip dislocation.]]
{{Top
|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]
|author2=Authors of integrated Creative Commons article<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016">Initially largely copied from: {{cite journal|last1=Ruiz Santiago|first1=Fernando|last2=Santiago Chinchilla|first2=Alicia|last3=Ansari|first3=Afshin|last4=Guzmán Álvarez|first4=Luis|last5=Castellano García|first5=Maria del Mar|last6=Martínez Martínez|first6=Alberto|last7=Tercedor Sánchez|first7=Juan|title=Imaging of Hip Pain: From Radiography to Cross-Sectional Imaging Techniques|journal=Radiology Research and Practice|volume=2016|year=2016|pages=1–15|issn=2090-1941|doi=10.1155/2016/6369237}} [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)] license</ref>
|author3=
}}

'''[[Projectional radiography]] ("X-ray") of dysplasia of the [[hip joint]]''' (also termed developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)) is where the socket portion does not fully cover the ball portion, resulting in an increased risk for [[joint dislocation]].<ref name=OA2013>{{cite web |url=http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00347 |title=Your Orthopaedic Connection: Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip |date=October 2013}}</ref>

==Planning==
{{Hip dysplasia - choice of modality}}

===Projections===
*Anteroposterior view including both hip joints.<ref>[https://books.google.se/books?id=oMVOCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA317 Page 317] in: {{cite book|title=Pediatric Orthopedics in Practice|author=Fritz Hefti|publisher=Springer|year=2015|isbn=9783662468104}}</ref>
*Some guidelines also recommend a Lauenstein ("frog leg") projection.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Radiographic-Outcomes-and-Evaluation-of-Dysplasia-Ventura-Monteiro/5d73260cfec142bee85d5a814e07f0ad63dde2ef|title=Radiographic Outcomes and Evaluation of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip in Children|author=Sandra M. Rua Ventura, Altino Monteiro|year=2010|publisher=Polytechnic Institute of Porto}}</ref>

===Image quality checking===
[[File:Image quality checking of pediatric pelvis.jpg|thumb|250px|Image quality checking.]]
*'''Obturator foramen diameter ratio''' (of Tönnis): A quotient of rotation that can be evaluated by dividing the horizontal diameter of the obturator foramen of the right side and that of the left. In neutral rotation the ratio is 1 but is considered to be acceptable when it is between 0.56 and 1.8.<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/>
*'''Symphysis os-ischium angle''' (of Tönnis): This evaluates the pelvic position in the sagittal plane. Lines are drawn from the highest point of the ischium to the most prominent point of the symphysis, joining at the inside of the pelvis. The range of normal values is from 90 to 135° and is related to the infant’s age.<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/>

==Measurements in children==
The most useful lines and angles that can be drawn in the pediatric pelvis assessing DDH are as follows:<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/>

<gallery mode=packed heights=300>
File:X-ray of measurements on a normal hip.jpg|Normal hip.<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/>
File:X-ray of measurements in hip dysplasia.jpg|Hip dysplasia.<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/>
</gallery>

*(A) '''Hilgenreiner line''', connects the inferior tips of the iliac bones,<ref>[https://books.google.se/books?id=12DEBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA298 Page 298] in: {{cite book|title=Pediatric Orthopedic Imaging|author=Rebecca Stein-Wexler, Sandra L. Wootton-Gorges, M.B. Ozonoff|publisher=Springer|year=2014|isbn=9783642453816}}</ref> at the triradiate cartilage. This line is used to measure the acetabular angle and as a reference for Perkin line.
*(B) '''Perkin line''' is perpendicular to Hilgenreiner line, touching the lateral margin of the acetabulum. This leads to four quadrants and a normal femoral head has to be located in the inferomedial quadrant. We can measure the lateral displacement of the femoral head with regard to the Perkin line by dividing the width of the head that crosses the Perkin line by the diameter of the head. The value for patients under 3 years must be 0 and in older children this ranges from 0 to 22%.
*(C) '''Shenton line''' is a continuous arc drawn from the inner edge of the femoral neck to the superior margin of the obturator foramen. In children over about 3 to 4 years of age, this line should be smooth and undisrupted, otherwise it may indicate a fracture or hip dysplasia.<ref>Page [https://books.google.se/books?id=EKlGaJAv4y0C&pg=PA1000 Page 1000] in: {{cite book|title=Lovell and Winter's Pediatric Orthopaedics|author=Wood W. Lovell, Robert B. Winter, Raymond T. Morrissy, Stuart L. Weinstein|year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781753586}}</ref>
*(D) The '''acetabular index''' measures the acetabular roof slope. It is the most useful measure of acetabular dysplasia until 6 years of age. It is formed between Hilgenreiner line and the acetabular roof. In newborns, values of '''30° ±4° in females''' and '''26° ±5° in males''' are considered normal. Gradually this angle becomes smaller, with a mean value of '''20° ±3° in females''' and '''18° ±4° in males''' at 1 year of age.

<gallery mode=packed heights=210px>
File:Acetabular index by age in males.png|Acetabular index by age in males.<ref name="Akel2013">{{cite journal|last1=Akel|first1=İbrahim|title=Acetabular index values in healthy Turkish children between 6 months and 8 years of age: a cross-sectional radiological study|journal=Acta Orthopaedica et Traumatologica Turcica|volume=47|issue=1|year=2013|pages=38–42|issn=1017995X|doi=10.3944/AOTT.2013.2832}}</ref>
File:Acetabular index by age in females.png|Acetabular index by age in females.<ref name="Akel2013"/>
</gallery>
*(E) The '''medial articular joint space''' is measured between the medial border of the femoral head or neck (when epiphysis is not ossified) and the acetabular platform. Normal values range between 5 and 12 mm. Differences greater than 1.5 mm between the two sides are considered abnormal.

Also check for any asymmetric or age-inconsistent ossification of the femoral heads.

===Further workup===
[[File:Reimer's migration index (crop).png|thumb|300px|Reimer's migration index.]]
In case of hip dysplasia, also perform the following:
*'''Reimer's migration index''' (MI), also called the ''femoral extrusion index'',<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/> in order to detect and quantify any hip dislocation. It is the horizontal distance (parallel to the ''Hilgenreiner Line'') between the Perkin line and the lateral border of the ossification center of the femoral head, divided by the horizontal width of the ossification center. The migration index is normally less than 33% by most sources,<ref name=Persiani>{{cite web|url=http://www.actaorthopaedica.be/acta/download/2008-5/06-Persiani%20et%20al.pdf|title=Hip subluxation and dislocation in cerebral palsy: Outcome of bone surgery in 21 hips|author1=Pietro PERSIANI|author2=Iakov MOLAYEM|year=2008|author3=Alessandro CALISTRI|author4=Stefano ROSI|author5=Marco BOVE|author6=Ciro VILLANI|journal=Acta Orthop. Belg.}}</ref> but 25% and 30% has also been suggested.<ref name="StottPiedrahita2007">{{cite journal|last1=Stott|first1=N Susan|last2=Piedrahita|first2=Luis|title=Effects of surgical adductor releases for hip subluxation in cerebral palsy: an AACPDM evidence report*|journal=Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology|volume=46|issue=9|year=2007|pages=628–645|issn=00121622|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8749.2004.tb01029.x}}</ref>

===Report===
*Absence or presence of signs of hip dysplasia, including at least any abnormal measurement.
:*If hip dysplaia, also report:
::*'''Reimer's migration index''', with a subjective grading of lateralization.
::*Even normal '''ossification''' of the femoral heads.

Example:
{|class="wikitable"
| [[File:X-ray of measurements in hip dysplasia, with numbers.jpg|150px]]
| Left-sided hip dysplasia, with normal acetabular index. Mild lateralization, with Reimer's migration index of 35%. Normal ossification of the femoral heads.
{{Public Domain example}}
|}

{{Reporting}}

==Measurements in adults==
===landmarks===
In the adult hip there are important landmarks to be recognized on plain film radiographs:<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/>
[[File:Iliopectineal line, ilioischial line, tear drop, acetabular fossa, and anterior and posterior wall of the acetabulumi.jpg|250px|left]]
[[File:X-ray of hip dysplasia in adult.jpg|thumb|X-ray of the hips of a 40-year-old female, with dysplasia of her right hip.]]
*The '''iliopectineal or iliopubic line''' is formed by the arcuate line of the ilium and the superior border of the superior pubic ramus up to the pubic symphysis. It conforms to the inner margin of the pelvic ring and it is part of the anterior column of the acetabulum.
*The '''ilioischial line''' of Köhler begins at the medial border of the iliac wing and extends along the medial border of the ischium to end at the ischial tuberosity. It is part of the posterior column of the acetabulum.
*The '''acetabular floor'''.
*The '''teardrop''' represents a summation of shadows. Its medial aspect corresponds to the inner cortex of the pelvis and the lateral edge with the acetabular notch and the anteroinferior portion of the quadrilateral plate. It is not present at birth but gradually develops due to pressure of the femoral head.

===Measurements===
*'''Fossa/ilioischial relationship''': In normal conditions the floor of the acetabular fossa is lateral to the ilioischial line by 2 mm in men and 1 mm in women. When the acetabular floor overlaps or overpasses the ilioischial line, the diagnosis of coxa profunda can be made. Nevertheless, coxa profunda had been found in 76% of asymptomatic hips, mainly in women. Therefore, this as an isolate criterion is not enough to make the diagnosis of pincer-type impingement. A more severe condition is protrusio acetabuli, diagnosed when the femoral head overlaps or overpasses the ilioischial line.<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/>
<gallery mode=packed heights=150>
File:X-ray of coxa profunda.jpg|Figure 5 (b). Coxa profunda.<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/>
File:X-ray of protrusio acetabuli.jpg|thumb|Figure 5 (c). Protrusio acetabuli.<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/>
</gallery>
*'''Joint space''': In the adult hip, normal joint space ranges from 3 to 5 mm and must be uniform. Values under 2 mm are consistent with joint space narrowing.<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/>

{|class="wikitable"
|+ Other measurements in adult hip.<ref group="notes">Unless otherwise specified in boxes, reference is the one marked in header.</ref><ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/>
|-
! Measurement !! Image !! Target !! Normal value
|-
! Acetabular depth ratio
| [[File:Acetabular depth ratio.jpg|170px]]
| Deepness of acetabulum.
*The width is measured between the inferior margin of the teardrop and the lateral rim of the acetabulum.<ref name="LaborieEngesæter2013">{{cite journal|last1=Laborie|first1=Lene Bjerke|last2=Engesæter|first2=Ingvild Øvstebø|last3=Lehmann|first3=Trude Gundersen|last4=Sera|first4=Francesco|last5=Dezateux|first5=Carol|last6=Engesæter|first6=Lars Birger|last7=Rosendahl|first7=Karen|title=Radiographic measurements of hip dysplasia at skeletal maturity—new reference intervals based on 2,038 19-year-old Norwegians|journal=Skeletal Radiology|volume=42|issue=7|year=2013|pages=925–935|issn=0364-2348|doi=10.1007/s00256-013-1574-y}}</ref>
*The depth is measured perpendicularly from the midpoint of the width line.<ref name="LaborieEngesæter2013"/>
| >250
*Less indicates a dysplastic hip
|-
! Center-edge angle of Wiberg
| [[File:Center-edge angle of Wiberg.jpg|170px|left]]
| The superior-lateral coverage of the femoral head.
|
*>20° (<55 years old)<ref name="wiberg" group="notes">This can also be used in children. At between 5 and 10 years, the minimum normal value is 15°.</ref>
*<24° (>55 years old)<ref name="wiberg" group="notes"/>
*>40° indicates overcoverage
|-
! Reimer's migration index<ref name=Persiani>{{cite web|url=http://www.actaorthopaedica.be/acta/download/2008-5/06-Persiani%20et%20al.pdf|title=Hip subluxation and dislocation in cerebral palsy: Outcome of bone surgery in 21 hips|author1=Pietro PERSIANI|author2=Iakov MOLAYEM|year=2008|author3=Alessandro CALISTRI|author4=Stefano ROSI|author5=Marco BOVE|author6=Ciro VILLANI|journal=Acta Orthop. Belg.}}</ref>
| [[File:Femoral extrusion index.jpg|170px]]
| The percentage of the femoral head that lies outside of the acetabular roof. It is also called the ''femoral extrusion index''. || <25%
|-
! Tönnis angle
| [[File:Tönnis angle of the hip.jpg|170px]]
| Slope of the sourcil (the sclerotic weight-bearing portion of the acetabulum)
| 0 to 10°
*>10° is a risk factor for instability
*<0° is a risk factor for pincer impingement
|-
! Caput-sourcil angle<ref name="FaWang2014">{{cite journal|last1=Fa|first1=Liangguo|last2=Wang|first2=Qing|last3=Ma|first3=Xiangxing|title=Superiority of the modified Tönnis angle over the Tönnis angle in the radiographic diagnosis of acetabular dysplasia|journal=Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine|volume=8|issue=6|year=2014|pages=1934–1938|issn=1792-0981|doi=10.3892/etm.2014.2009}}</ref>
| [[File:Caput-sourcil angle.jpg|170px]]
| Superior to the Tönnis angle in cases without joint space narrowing or subluxation.<ref name="FaWang2014"/> The medial point of the sourcil is defined as being at the same height as the most superior point of caput femoris.
| −6 to 12°<ref name="FaWang2014"/>
*>12° is a risk factor for instability
*<-6° is a risk factor for pincer impingement
|-
! Sharp angle
| [[File:Sharp angle of the hip.jpg|170px]]
| Acetabular slope
| <45°
*Greater indicates acetabular dysplasia
|-
! Cervical diaphyseal angle
| [[File:Cervical diaphyseal angle of the hip.jpg|170px]]
| The angle formed between the femoral neck and femoral diaphysis
| 120° to 140°
*Higher indicates coxa valga
*Lower indicates coxa vara
|}

On CT, the '''anterior center-edge Lequesne’s angle''' can be measured in a false profile view of the hip or in a sagittal CT scan. In this case the tangent line touches the anterior rim of the acetabulum. Values under 20° indicate undercoverage of the femoral head.<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/>

The '''sciatic spine and posterior wall signs''' are other signs associated with acetabular retroversion. The first one is considered positive when the sciatic spine is projected medial to the iliopectineal line in an AP radiography of the spine, indicating that it is not just the acetabulum but the whole hemipelvis that is twisted into retroversion. The second sign is considered positive when the posterior wall edge is medial to the center of the femoral head, indicating deficiency of the posterior wall.<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/>

Although femoral version or torsion can be measured by radiographs, CT overcomes the inconsistencies demonstrated in the measurements made by biplane radiography.<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/>

{{Bottom}}

Contrast medium reaction

2019-11-05T13:59:45Z

Mikael Häggström: /* Evaluation */ Better

{{Top
|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]
|author2=
}}
[[File:Intramuscular site of adrenaline.jpg|230px|thumb]]
{{Nutshell|In a more severe reaction:<ref name=SURF>Unless otherwise specified in lists and table: {{cite web|url=http://www.mastcellssjukdom.se/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Nationella_rekommendationer_%C3%B6verk%C3%A4nslighetsreaktioner_kontrastmedel__PDF_2014-10-17.pdf|title=Hypersensitivity reactions against contrast media - Swedish Society of Uroradiology [Swedish: Överkänslighetsreaktioner mot kontrastmedel – SURFs kontrastmedelsgrupp] ], 2014-10-17}}</ref>
*'''Adrenaline''' shot, 0.3-0.5mg in adults, given intramuscularly.
*Summon an '''anesthesiologist'''
}}
In case of a allergic reaction to '''[[contrast media]]''', anaphylaxis is a more severe allergic reaction whose diagnostic criteria generally include low blood pressure and/or respiratory distress.<ref name="KimFischer2011">{{cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Harold|last2=Fischer|first2=David|title=Anaphylaxis|journal=Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology|volume=7|issue=Suppl 1|year=2011|pages=S6|issn=1710-1492|doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S6}}</ref> In anaphylaxis, intramuscularly administered adrenaline is the most important initial therapy.<ref name=SURF/> Also, an '''anesthesiologist''' or corresponding clinician on duty should be summoned. A '''peripheral venous catheter''' is needed for the administration of IV fluids.<ref name=SURF/> '''Oxygen saturation''', '''pulse''' and '''blood pressure''' are monitored.<ref name=SURF/>

'''Document''' the incident to avoid repeat reactions.

==Evaluation==
[[File:Urticaria near navel.jpg|thumb|180px|Hives]]
Initial evaluation can be done according to an ABCDE approach:<ref name=SURF/>
* Airway: Stridor? Swollen tongue?
* Breathing: Cyanosis? Use pulse oximeter if available.
* Circulation: Palpable pulse over radial, femoral and carotid artery? Heart rate? Blood pressure? Difficulty in taking blood pressure must not delay adrenaline administration.
* Disability: Altered level of consciousness?
* Exposure: Hives?

===Severity grading===
{|class="wikitable"
! Severity<ref name=sffa>{{cite web|url=http://www.sffa.nu/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Anafylaxi_sept_2015.pdf|title=Anafylaxi - svårighetsgradering <nowiki>[</nowiki>Anaphyaxis, severity grading<nowiki>]</nowiki> (Table 1)|website=Swedish Association for Allergology|author=Anaphylaxis group}} 2015</ref> !! Skin<ref name=sffa/> !! Eyes and nose<ref name=sffa/> !! Mouth and GI tract<ref name=sffa/> !! Skin<ref name=sffa/>Airways !! Circulatory<ref name=sffa/> !! Mental<ref name=sffa/>
|-
! Non-anaphylactic allergic reaction
|
*Itching
*Flushing
*Hives
*Angioedema
|
*Conjunctivitis
*Rhinitis
|
*Itching mouth
*Lip swelling
*Feeling of swollen mouth and throat
*Nausea
*Mild abdominal pain
*Single vomiting
| || ||
*Fatigue
|-
! Anaphylaxis, grade 1
| || ||
*Increasing abdominal pain
*Repeated vomiting
*Diarrhea
|
* Hoarseness
*Mild bronchial constriction
| ||
*Substantial fatigue
*Restlessness
*Anxiety
|-
! Anaphylaxis, grade 2
| || || ||
*Barking cough
*Difficulty swallowing
*Moderate bronchial constriction
| ||
*Feeling like fainting
*Sense of impending doom
|-
! Anaphylaxis, grade 3
| || ||
*Passing urine or feces
|
*Hypoxia/cyanosis
*Severe bronchial constriction
*Complete airway obstruction
|
*Hypotension
*Bradychardia
*Arythmia
*Cardiac arrest
|
*Confusion
*Loss of consciousness
|}

==In severe hives and progressive angioedema<ref name=SURF/>==
[[File:Angioedema of the face.jpg|thumb|150px|Angioedema]]
* 0,3-0,5 mg adrenaline intramuscularly on the anterolateral part of the mid-thigh. It is repeated if needed every 3–5 minutes.
* Corticosteroid (see Table of medications below)
* Observation at least 30 minutes

==Anaphylaxis<ref name=SURF/>==
* 0,3-0,5 mg adrenaline intramuscularly on the anterolateral part of the mid-thigh. It is repeated if needed every 3–5 minutes.
* Summon anesthesiologist or corresponding clinician on duty
* Oxygen, 10 L/min on mask. Attach a pulse oximeter.
* In asthma or bronchospasm: Inhalations of bronchodilator (see Table of medications below)
* In hypotension: Tilt the table to lower the head of the patient and give volume expander
* Corticosteroid (see Table of medications below)

==Cardiac arrest (unconscious and no breathing)<ref name=SURF/>==
[[File:Chest compressions.gif|thumb|Chest compressions.]]
* Start CPR: 100 chest compressions per minute and ventilate x2 every 30 compressions
* Connect a defibrillator
* If ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia: defibrillate at 200 Joule
* If asystole or pulseless electrical activity (PEA): 1 mg adrenaline 0,1 i.v. bolus
* Continue CPR

==Itching hives==
If ABCDE is otherwise normal:<ref name=SURF/>
* Antihistamine (see Table of medications below)
* Observation at least 30 minutes

==Table of medications==
{|class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2| Symptoms<ref name=SURF/> !!colspan=2| Medication<ref name=SURF/> !!rowspan=2| Route<ref name=SURF/> !!colspan=2| Dosage<ref name=SURF/> !!rowspan=2| Time to effect<ref name=SURF/> ||rowspan=2| Repeat<ref name=SURF/>
|-
! Class !! Example !! Adults !! Children
|-
|
*Severe hives
*Respiratory distress
*Hypotension
*Altered level of consciousness
*Severe abdominal pains and vomiting
|colspan=2| Injection of '''adrenaline'''
| Intramuscular in lateral thigh
| 0.3 - 0.5 mg
|
*0.01 mg/kg, up to 0.5 mg
**10-20kg: 0.15 mg
**≥20kg: 0.3 mg
| Less than 5 min
| Every 5-10 min if needed
|-
| Asthma
| '''Bronchodilator'''
| Salbutamol (Ventolin) or own bronchodilator
| Inhalation
|
*5 mg
*Usually 4-6 doses
|
*2-6 doses
| Less than 5 min
| Every 10 mins if needed
|-
| Hypoxia
|colspan=2| '''Oxygen'''
| Mask
|colspan=2| >5 l/min
| Almost immediate
| Continuous
|-
| Altered level of consciousness or hypotension
| '''Volume expander'''
| Ringer's
| IV with pressure
|colspan=2| 20mg/kg
| Fast
| As needed
|-
|rowspan=2| All anaphylaxis cases
|rowspan=2| '''Antihistamine'''
| Desloratadine (Clarinex/Aerius)
| Oral
| 10mg
|
*<6 years: 2.5mg
*6 - 12 years: 5 mg
|rowspan=2| Within 30-60 minutes
|rowspan=2|
|-
| Chlorphenamine<ref name="YounkerSoar2010">{{cite journal|last1=Younker|first1=Jackie|last2=Soar|first2=Jasmeet|title=Recognition and treatment of anaphylaxis|journal=Nursing in Critical Care|volume=15|issue=2|year=2010|pages=94–98|issn=13621017|doi=10.1111/j.1478-5153.2010.00366.x}}, citing Resuscitation Council UK</ref>
| IM or slow IV<ref name="YounkerSoar2010"/>
| 10mg<ref name="YounkerSoar2010"/>
|
*<6 months: 250μg/kg
*6 months - 6 years: 2.5mg
*6 - 12 years: 5mg<ref name="YounkerSoar2010"/>
|-
|rowspan=2| All anaphylaxis cases
|rowspan=2| '''Glucocorticoid'''
| Betamethasone
| Oral or IV
| 5-8 mg
|
*<6 years: 3-4 mg
*≥6 years: 5-8 mg
|rowspan=2| 2-3 hours
|rowspan=2|
|-
| Hydrocortisone<ref name="YounkerSoar2010"/>
| IM or slow IV<ref name="YounkerSoar2010"/>
| 200mg<ref name="YounkerSoar2010"/>
|
*<6 months: 25mg
*6 months - 6 years: 50mg
*6 - 12 years: 100mg<ref name="YounkerSoar2010"/>
|}

==Documentation==
All allergic reactions should be documented, and anaphylactic reactions should be documented so that it shows clearly when planning subsequent exams:
*Brand or type of contrast agent.
*Symptoms and their severity, or overall severity grading and most worrisome symptoms.
*Treatment if given (treated symptoms may have become worse without treatment)

==Prevention==
{{Main|Prevention of contrast medium reaction}}
Before a contrast CT of a patient with known allergic-like or unknown-type of contrast reaction to the same class of contrast medium (such as iodinated), the American College of of Radiology recommends premedication with a glucocorticoid, preferably starting 12 or 13 hours before contrast administration.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Clinical-Resources/Contrast_Media.pdf#page=11|title=Page 9 in: Manual on Contrast Media|website=American College of Radiology, Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media|accessdate=2018-08-25}} Version 10.3. 2018. ACR </ref>

{{Bottom}}

Prowikis

2019-10-30T20:17:04Z

Mikael Häggström: /* Wikis */ Thumb

''Prowikis'' is a non-profit foundation aimed at the creation and technical maintenance of profession-specific wikis. Each wiki is a site where any member of the profession can register and contribute to the content. The content in each wiki is the essential material that a professional is expected to need in the course of work, and organized for quick access and relevance in everyday practice.

==Wikis==
{|
| [[File:Logo.png|thumb|link=Main|[[Main|Radlines, guidelines for radiologists]] ]]
|
[[File:Patholines logo.png|link=http://patholines.org|thumb|[https://patholines.org Patholines, guidelines for pathologists] ]]
|}

==Board of trustees==
The ''Board of trustees'' discusses and makes decisions regarding the overall operation of member wikis.

{{Board of trustees members|subsection=yes}}

===Join===
For responsibilities and how to apply, see '''[[Prowikis/Board of trustees]]'''

==Financial statement==
Expenses for 2018:

*Server hosting of Radlines May 13, 2018 to May 12, 2019: '''$420'''
*Domain registration of radlines.org and prowikis.org (2 x $12): '''$24'''

==Start or merge a wiki==
See '''[[Prowikis/Bylaws_draft#ARTICLE_III_-_WIKIS|Bylaws draft:Wikis]]''' for criteria, inclusion and organization of member wikis. If you are interested in this endeavor, contact:<br>{{nospam|contact|radlines.org}}

==Bylaws draft==
Bylaws have been drafted but not yet officially approved: '''[[Prowikis/Bylaws draft]]'''

Prowikis

2019-10-30T20:14:12Z

Mikael Häggström: /* Wikis */ link

''Prowikis'' is a non-profit foundation aimed at the creation and technical maintenance of profession-specific wikis. Each wiki is a site where any member of the profession can register and contribute to the content. The content in each wiki is the essential material that a professional is expected to need in the course of work, and organized for quick access and relevance in everyday practice.

==Wikis==
<gallery>
File:Logo.png|link=Main|[[Main|Radlines, guidelines for radiologists]]
File:Patholines logo.png|link=http://patholines.org/|[https://patholines.org Patholines, guidelines for pathologists]
</gallery>

==Board of trustees==
The ''Board of trustees'' discusses and makes decisions regarding the overall operation of member wikis.

{{Board of trustees members|subsection=yes}}

===Join===
For responsibilities and how to apply, see '''[[Prowikis/Board of trustees]]'''

==Financial statement==
Expenses for 2018:

*Server hosting of Radlines May 13, 2018 to May 12, 2019: '''$420'''
*Domain registration of radlines.org and prowikis.org (2 x $12): '''$24'''

==Start or merge a wiki==
See '''[[Prowikis/Bylaws_draft#ARTICLE_III_-_WIKIS|Bylaws draft:Wikis]]''' for criteria, inclusion and organization of member wikis. If you are interested in this endeavor, contact:<br>{{nospam|contact|radlines.org}}

==Bylaws draft==
Bylaws have been drafted but not yet officially approved: '''[[Prowikis/Bylaws draft]]'''

Radlines:Copyright

2019-10-25T10:17:45Z

Mikael Häggström: /* Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 */ MD

All content in Radlines is open access. Everything in Radlines is by default published under the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)] license, meaning that anyone reusing the content must mention the names of the creators. Radlines also accepts images released into the [https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ Public Domain], that is, without any restrictions. The status of each image is seen on their description pages (found by clicking the image).

==Creative Commons Attribution 4.0==
For all Radlines material, including images, you are free to:
*'''Share''' — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
*'''Adapt''' — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.

Under the following terms:
*'''Attribution''' — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. Taking [[X-ray of the abdomen and pelvis]] as example, the wording of such attribution may be as follows, or variants thereof:
::*{{cite web|url=https://radlines.org/X-ray_of_the_abdomen_and_pelvis|title=X-ray of the abdomen and pelvis|author=Mikael Häggström, MD}} From [https://radlines.org Radlines.org]. Last updated ___ (see page footer of target article for date). Available under the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)] license.
::*Mikael Häggström, [https://radlines.org/Main Radlines.org] [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (CC-BY 4.0)]
::*M Häggström, [https://radlines.org/Main Radlines.org]
:However, attribution is not legally required if only using Public Domain images from Radlines articles.

'''No additional restrictions''' — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
:*You are allowed to assign a more restrictive license to your work as a whole, but not specifically claim that any integrated content from Radlines has a more restrictive license.

:''Further legal information: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0) license]

Licensing of content under CC-BY without further restrictions allows it to be used by almost all medical journals, since this is the most common licensing of at least open access journals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://doaj.org/search#.XBqMAVVKj0N|website=Directory of Open Access Journals|title=Search by Journal license|accessdate=2018-12-19}}</ref>

==Copyright for authors==
For all publications, ''authors'' retain copyright (but allow sharing and reuse as per the license). Authors may thereby choose at a later time to use a less restrictive license, such as making a CC-BY work Public Domain.

==Importing works==
For any material within a work that is not available under a license permitted in Radlines, authors must gain written consent from the copyright holder(s) to publish the work under a permitted license.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Icon !! Description !! Acronym !! Permitted in Radlines
|-
| [[File:CC0 button.svg|alt=CC0 icon|88px]] || [https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ Freeing content into the Public Domain, without restrictions] || [https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ CC0] ||style="background:#9F9"| Yes
|-
| [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|alt=CC-BY icon|88px]] || Attribution alone || CC-BY ||style="background:#9F9"| Yes, as long as the source page and/or author is attributed, such as by a [[Radlines:Editorial_guidelines#References|Reference]]. Image creators are attributed at the image description pages that shows when clicking on them.
|-
| [[File:CC-BY-SA icon.svg|alt=CC-BY-SA icon|88px]] || Attribution + ShareAlike || CC-BY-SA ||style="background:#F99"| No
|-
| [[File:Cc-by-nc icon.svg|alt=CC-by-NC icon|88px]] || Attribution + Noncommercial || CC-BY-NC ||style="background:#F99"| No
|-
| [[File:Cc-by-nd icon.svg|alt=CC-BY-ND icon|88px]] || Attribution + NoDerivatives || CC-BY-ND ||style="background:#F99"| No
|}

:Further information about the licenses at Creative Commons: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ About The Licenses]

Also make sure to integrate imported content to fit [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines]].

===Non-copyrightable works===
Medical images (including radiographs, CT images etc) cannot be copyrightable if produced in certain countries, including the United States, see [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikilegal/Copyright_of_Medical_Imaging Wikilegal/Copyright of Medical Imaging]. Therefore, it is acceptable to import medical images created in the United States to Radlines without permission from the creator, and should be tagged as {{tl|PD-US-Medical imaging}}, which will give the following information:
{{PD-US-Medical imaging}}

Similarly, data and factual information are ''not'' protected by copyright, and considered to be public domain once published. Additionally, simple representations and visualisations of data (e.g. tables and barcharts) are typically not creative enough to be eligible for copyright protection. As such, these types of material may be freely imported to Radlines without permission.

==Relation to Wikipedia==
All content in Radlines can be copied to Wikipedia as long as appropriate attribution is made. For article text, such attribution can practically be made as a mention in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Edit_summary Edit summary], mentioning the Radlines article author(s) and the URL of the Radlines article.

The other way around, Wikipedia images (as well as images from [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikimedia Commons]) that have a compatible license can be used in Radlines. However, because the text in Wikipedia articles is licensed under [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License a Attribution + ShareAlike license], Wikipedia text cannot be directly copied to Radlines. Similarly, Wikipedia images released under a ShareAlike license can only be used with written permission from the author to have it published under CC BY or CC0. A response by private email is generally sufficient for this purpose. It is even more beneficial if the author agrees to change the license of the work at Wikipedia, such as changing the licensing template to {{tl|Cc-by-4.0}} on image description pages. If a more rigorous procedure is warranted, the author may store a permission note in the release generator of Wikimedia: https://tools.wmflabs.org/relgen/

==Plagiarism==
Works uploaded to Radlines must not contain plagiarised material, unless legally permitted by the license or other legislation that covers the material at hand, or with permission of the copyright holder. This includes:

*Text, images, or data that is copied from any other source
*Ideas, concepts, or analysis from any other source
*Material that is copied from the authors' own published works and without agreement of the editor or publisher of that work

==References==
{{reflist}}

Radlines:Copyright

2019-10-25T10:16:32Z

Mikael Häggström: /* Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 */ short

All content in Radlines is open access. Everything in Radlines is by default published under the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)] license, meaning that anyone reusing the content must mention the names of the creators. Radlines also accepts images released into the [https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ Public Domain], that is, without any restrictions. The status of each image is seen on their description pages (found by clicking the image).

==Creative Commons Attribution 4.0==
For all Radlines material, including images, you are free to:
*'''Share''' — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
*'''Adapt''' — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.

Under the following terms:
*'''Attribution''' — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. Taking [[X-ray of the abdomen and pelvis]] as example, the wording of such attribution may be as follows, or variants thereof:
::*{{cite web|url=https://radlines.org/X-ray_of_the_abdomen_and_pelvis|title=X-ray of the abdomen and pelvis|author=Mikael Häggström}} From [https://radlines.org Radlines.org]. Last updated ___ (see page footer of target article for date). Available under the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)] license.
::*Mikael Häggström, [https://radlines.org/Main Radlines.org] [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (CC-BY 4.0)]
::*M Häggström, [https://radlines.org/Main Radlines.org]
:However, attribution is not legally required if only using Public Domain images from Radlines articles.

'''No additional restrictions''' — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
:*You are allowed to assign a more restrictive license to your work as a whole, but not specifically claim that any integrated content from Radlines has a more restrictive license.

:''Further legal information: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0) license]

Licensing of content under CC-BY without further restrictions allows it to be used by almost all medical journals, since this is the most common licensing of at least open access journals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://doaj.org/search#.XBqMAVVKj0N|website=Directory of Open Access Journals|title=Search by Journal license|accessdate=2018-12-19}}</ref>

==Copyright for authors==
For all publications, ''authors'' retain copyright (but allow sharing and reuse as per the license). Authors may thereby choose at a later time to use a less restrictive license, such as making a CC-BY work Public Domain.

==Importing works==
For any material within a work that is not available under a license permitted in Radlines, authors must gain written consent from the copyright holder(s) to publish the work under a permitted license.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Icon !! Description !! Acronym !! Permitted in Radlines
|-
| [[File:CC0 button.svg|alt=CC0 icon|88px]] || [https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ Freeing content into the Public Domain, without restrictions] || [https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ CC0] ||style="background:#9F9"| Yes
|-
| [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|alt=CC-BY icon|88px]] || Attribution alone || CC-BY ||style="background:#9F9"| Yes, as long as the source page and/or author is attributed, such as by a [[Radlines:Editorial_guidelines#References|Reference]]. Image creators are attributed at the image description pages that shows when clicking on them.
|-
| [[File:CC-BY-SA icon.svg|alt=CC-BY-SA icon|88px]] || Attribution + ShareAlike || CC-BY-SA ||style="background:#F99"| No
|-
| [[File:Cc-by-nc icon.svg|alt=CC-by-NC icon|88px]] || Attribution + Noncommercial || CC-BY-NC ||style="background:#F99"| No
|-
| [[File:Cc-by-nd icon.svg|alt=CC-BY-ND icon|88px]] || Attribution + NoDerivatives || CC-BY-ND ||style="background:#F99"| No
|}

:Further information about the licenses at Creative Commons: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ About The Licenses]

Also make sure to integrate imported content to fit [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines]].

===Non-copyrightable works===
Medical images (including radiographs, CT images etc) cannot be copyrightable if produced in certain countries, including the United States, see [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikilegal/Copyright_of_Medical_Imaging Wikilegal/Copyright of Medical Imaging]. Therefore, it is acceptable to import medical images created in the United States to Radlines without permission from the creator, and should be tagged as {{tl|PD-US-Medical imaging}}, which will give the following information:
{{PD-US-Medical imaging}}

Similarly, data and factual information are ''not'' protected by copyright, and considered to be public domain once published. Additionally, simple representations and visualisations of data (e.g. tables and barcharts) are typically not creative enough to be eligible for copyright protection. As such, these types of material may be freely imported to Radlines without permission.

==Relation to Wikipedia==
All content in Radlines can be copied to Wikipedia as long as appropriate attribution is made. For article text, such attribution can practically be made as a mention in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Edit_summary Edit summary], mentioning the Radlines article author(s) and the URL of the Radlines article.

The other way around, Wikipedia images (as well as images from [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikimedia Commons]) that have a compatible license can be used in Radlines. However, because the text in Wikipedia articles is licensed under [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License a Attribution + ShareAlike license], Wikipedia text cannot be directly copied to Radlines. Similarly, Wikipedia images released under a ShareAlike license can only be used with written permission from the author to have it published under CC BY or CC0. A response by private email is generally sufficient for this purpose. It is even more beneficial if the author agrees to change the license of the work at Wikipedia, such as changing the licensing template to {{tl|Cc-by-4.0}} on image description pages. If a more rigorous procedure is warranted, the author may store a permission note in the release generator of Wikimedia: https://tools.wmflabs.org/relgen/

==Plagiarism==
Works uploaded to Radlines must not contain plagiarised material, unless legally permitted by the license or other legislation that covers the material at hand, or with permission of the copyright holder. This includes:

*Text, images, or data that is copied from any other source
*Ideas, concepts, or analysis from any other source
*Material that is copied from the authors' own published works and without agreement of the editor or publisher of that work

==References==
{{reflist}}

Radlines:Copyright

2019-10-25T10:11:23Z

Mikael Häggström: /* Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 */ Updated

All content in Radlines is open access. Everything in Radlines is by default published under the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)] license, meaning that anyone reusing the content must mention the names of the creators. Radlines also accepts images released into the [https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ Public Domain], that is, without any restrictions. The status of each image is seen on their description pages (found by clicking the image).

==Creative Commons Attribution 4.0==
For all Radlines material, including images, you are free to:
*'''Share''' — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
*'''Adapt''' — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.

Under the following terms:
*'''Attribution''' — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. Taking [[X-ray of the abdomen and pelvis]] as example, the wording of such attribution may be as follows, or variants thereof:
::*{{cite web|url=https://radlines.org/X-ray_of_the_abdomen_and_pelvis|title=X-ray of the abdomen and pelvis|author=Mikael Häggström}} From [https://radlines.org Radlines.org]. Last updated ___ (see page footer of target article for date). Available under the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)] license.
::*Mikael Häggström, [https://radlines.org/Main Radlines.org] [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (CC-BY 4.0)]
::*From [https://radlines.org/Main Radlines.org]
:However, attribution is not legally required if only using Public Domain images from Radlines articles.

'''No additional restrictions''' — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
:*You are allowed to assign a more restrictive license to your work as a whole, but not specifically claim that any integrated content from Radlines has a more restrictive license.

:''Further legal information: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0) license]

Licensing of content under CC-BY without further restrictions allows it to be used by almost all medical journals, since this is the most common licensing of at least open access journals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://doaj.org/search#.XBqMAVVKj0N|website=Directory of Open Access Journals|title=Search by Journal license|accessdate=2018-12-19}}</ref>

==Copyright for authors==
For all publications, ''authors'' retain copyright (but allow sharing and reuse as per the license). Authors may thereby choose at a later time to use a less restrictive license, such as making a CC-BY work Public Domain.

==Importing works==
For any material within a work that is not available under a license permitted in Radlines, authors must gain written consent from the copyright holder(s) to publish the work under a permitted license.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Icon !! Description !! Acronym !! Permitted in Radlines
|-
| [[File:CC0 button.svg|alt=CC0 icon|88px]] || [https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ Freeing content into the Public Domain, without restrictions] || [https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ CC0] ||style="background:#9F9"| Yes
|-
| [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|alt=CC-BY icon|88px]] || Attribution alone || CC-BY ||style="background:#9F9"| Yes, as long as the source page and/or author is attributed, such as by a [[Radlines:Editorial_guidelines#References|Reference]]. Image creators are attributed at the image description pages that shows when clicking on them.
|-
| [[File:CC-BY-SA icon.svg|alt=CC-BY-SA icon|88px]] || Attribution + ShareAlike || CC-BY-SA ||style="background:#F99"| No
|-
| [[File:Cc-by-nc icon.svg|alt=CC-by-NC icon|88px]] || Attribution + Noncommercial || CC-BY-NC ||style="background:#F99"| No
|-
| [[File:Cc-by-nd icon.svg|alt=CC-BY-ND icon|88px]] || Attribution + NoDerivatives || CC-BY-ND ||style="background:#F99"| No
|}

:Further information about the licenses at Creative Commons: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ About The Licenses]

Also make sure to integrate imported content to fit [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines]].

===Non-copyrightable works===
Medical images (including radiographs, CT images etc) cannot be copyrightable if produced in certain countries, including the United States, see [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikilegal/Copyright_of_Medical_Imaging Wikilegal/Copyright of Medical Imaging]. Therefore, it is acceptable to import medical images created in the United States to Radlines without permission from the creator, and should be tagged as {{tl|PD-US-Medical imaging}}, which will give the following information:
{{PD-US-Medical imaging}}

Similarly, data and factual information are ''not'' protected by copyright, and considered to be public domain once published. Additionally, simple representations and visualisations of data (e.g. tables and barcharts) are typically not creative enough to be eligible for copyright protection. As such, these types of material may be freely imported to Radlines without permission.

==Relation to Wikipedia==
All content in Radlines can be copied to Wikipedia as long as appropriate attribution is made. For article text, such attribution can practically be made as a mention in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Edit_summary Edit summary], mentioning the Radlines article author(s) and the URL of the Radlines article.

The other way around, Wikipedia images (as well as images from [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikimedia Commons]) that have a compatible license can be used in Radlines. However, because the text in Wikipedia articles is licensed under [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License a Attribution + ShareAlike license], Wikipedia text cannot be directly copied to Radlines. Similarly, Wikipedia images released under a ShareAlike license can only be used with written permission from the author to have it published under CC BY or CC0. A response by private email is generally sufficient for this purpose. It is even more beneficial if the author agrees to change the license of the work at Wikipedia, such as changing the licensing template to {{tl|Cc-by-4.0}} on image description pages. If a more rigorous procedure is warranted, the author may store a permission note in the release generator of Wikimedia: https://tools.wmflabs.org/relgen/

==Plagiarism==
Works uploaded to Radlines must not contain plagiarised material, unless legally permitted by the license or other legislation that covers the material at hand, or with permission of the copyright holder. This includes:

*Text, images, or data that is copied from any other source
*Ideas, concepts, or analysis from any other source
*Material that is copied from the authors' own published works and without agreement of the editor or publisher of that work

==References==
{{reflist}}

Radlines:Copyright

2019-10-24T13:12:35Z

Mikael Häggström: Updated

All content in Radlines is open access. Everything in Radlines is by default published under the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)] license, meaning that anyone reusing the content must mention the names of the creators. Radlines also accepts images released into the [https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ Public Domain], that is, without any restrictions. The status of each image is seen on their description pages (found by clicking the image).

==Creative Commons Attribution 4.0==
For all Radlines material, including images, you are free to:
*'''Share''' — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
*'''Adapt''' — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.

Under the following terms:
*'''Attribution''' — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. Taking [[X-ray of the abdomen and pelvis]] as example, the wording of such attribution may be as follows, or variants thereof:
::*{{cite web|url=https://radlines.org/X-ray_of_the_abdomen_and_pelvis|title=X-ray of the abdomen and pelvis|date={{{{{|safesubst:}}}#time:j F Y}}|author=Mikael Häggström}} From [https://radlines.org Radlines.org]
::*Mikael Häggström, [https://radlines.org/Main Radlines.org]
:However, attribution is not legally required if only using Public Domain images from Radlines articles.

'''No additional restrictions''' — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
:*You are allowed to assign a more restrictive license to your work as a whole, but not specifically claim that any integrated content from Radlines has a more restrictive license.

:''Further legal information: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0) license]

Licensing of content under CC-BY without further restrictions allows it to be used by almost all medical journals, since this is the most common licensing of at least open access journals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://doaj.org/search#.XBqMAVVKj0N|website=Directory of Open Access Journals|title=Search by Journal license|accessdate=2018-12-19}}</ref>

==Copyright for authors==
For all publications, ''authors'' retain copyright (but allow sharing and reuse as per the license). Authors may thereby choose at a later time to use a less restrictive license, such as making a CC-BY work Public Domain.

==Importing works==
For any material within a work that is not available under a license permitted in Radlines, authors must gain written consent from the copyright holder(s) to publish the work under a permitted license.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Icon !! Description !! Acronym !! Permitted in Radlines
|-
| [[File:CC0 button.svg|alt=CC0 icon|88px]] || [https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ Freeing content into the Public Domain, without restrictions] || [https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ CC0] ||style="background:#9F9"| Yes
|-
| [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|alt=CC-BY icon|88px]] || Attribution alone || CC-BY ||style="background:#9F9"| Yes, as long as the source page and/or author is attributed, such as by a [[Radlines:Editorial_guidelines#References|Reference]]. Image creators are attributed at the image description pages that shows when clicking on them.
|-
| [[File:CC-BY-SA icon.svg|alt=CC-BY-SA icon|88px]] || Attribution + ShareAlike || CC-BY-SA ||style="background:#F99"| No
|-
| [[File:Cc-by-nc icon.svg|alt=CC-by-NC icon|88px]] || Attribution + Noncommercial || CC-BY-NC ||style="background:#F99"| No
|-
| [[File:Cc-by-nd icon.svg|alt=CC-BY-ND icon|88px]] || Attribution + NoDerivatives || CC-BY-ND ||style="background:#F99"| No
|}

:Further information about the licenses at Creative Commons: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ About The Licenses]

Also make sure to integrate imported content to fit [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines]].

===Non-copyrightable works===
Medical images (including radiographs, CT images etc) cannot be copyrightable if produced in certain countries, including the United States, see [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikilegal/Copyright_of_Medical_Imaging Wikilegal/Copyright of Medical Imaging]. Therefore, it is acceptable to import medical images created in the United States to Radlines without permission from the creator, and should be tagged as {{tl|PD-US-Medical imaging}}, which will give the following information:
{{PD-US-Medical imaging}}

Similarly, data and factual information are ''not'' protected by copyright, and considered to be public domain once published. Additionally, simple representations and visualisations of data (e.g. tables and barcharts) are typically not creative enough to be eligible for copyright protection. As such, these types of material may be freely imported to Radlines without permission.

==Relation to Wikipedia==
All content in Radlines can be copied to Wikipedia as long as appropriate attribution is made. For article text, such attribution can practically be made as a mention in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Edit_summary Edit summary], mentioning the Radlines article author(s) and the URL of the Radlines article.

The other way around, Wikipedia images (as well as images from [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikimedia Commons]) that have a compatible license can be used in Radlines. However, because the text in Wikipedia articles is licensed under [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License a Attribution + ShareAlike license], Wikipedia text cannot be directly copied to Radlines. Similarly, Wikipedia images released under a ShareAlike license can only be used with written permission from the author to have it published under CC BY or CC0. A response by private email is generally sufficient for this purpose. It is even more beneficial if the author agrees to change the license of the work at Wikipedia, such as changing the licensing template to {{tl|Cc-by-4.0}} on image description pages. If a more rigorous procedure is warranted, the author may store a permission note in the release generator of Wikimedia: https://tools.wmflabs.org/relgen/

==Plagiarism==
Works uploaded to Radlines must not contain plagiarised material, unless legally permitted by the license or other legislation that covers the material at hand, or with permission of the copyright holder. This includes:

*Text, images, or data that is copied from any other source
*Ideas, concepts, or analysis from any other source
*Material that is copied from the authors' own published works and without agreement of the editor or publisher of that work

==References==
{{reflist}}

Main

2019-10-02T13:47:44Z

Mikael Häggström: See all articles

__NOTOC__
<div id="mp-topbanner" style="clear:both; position:relative; box-sizing:border-box; width:100%; margin:1.2em 0 6px; min-width:20em; border:1px solid #ddd; background-color:#f9f9f9; color:#000;">

<div style="margin:0.4em; text-align:center;">
<div style="font-size:162%; padding:.1em;">Welcome to [[Radlines:About|Radlines]], open access guidelines for radiologists.</div>
</div>
{| role="presentation" id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin-top:4px; border-spacing: 0px;"

| id="mp-left" class="MainPageBG" style="width:339px; border:1px solid #cef2e0; padding:0; background:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
<imagemap>
File:Anatomy_image_for_main_menu.png|
rect 0 23 82 126 [[Projectional radiography]]
rect 87 23 136 126 [[CT]]
rect 0 129 80 198 [[Ultrasonography]]
rect 85 126 141 198 [[MRI]]
rect 0 198 90 260 [[Fluoroscopy]]
rect 175 51 219 121 [[CT of the head]]
rect 234 54 278 121 [[MRI of the head]]
rect 149 8 329 159 [[Head]]
rect 170 180 232 221 [[CT of the neck]]
rect 237 180 311 221 [[X-ray of the cervical spine]]
rect 162 224 265 270 [[Thyroid]]
rect 147 162 332 273 [[Neck]]
rect 28 296 82 365 [[X-ray of the shoulder]]
rect 28 270 131 370 [[Shoulder]]
rect 21 373 126 489 [[Upper arm]]
rect 21 515 72 574 [[X-ray of the elbow]]
rect 18 491 123 579 [[Elbow]]
rect 3 579 111 635 [[Forearm]]
rect 5 659 59 725 [[X-ray of the wrist]]
rect 3 635 69 733 [[Wrist]]
rect 10 759 59 823 [[X-ray of the hand]]
rect 3 736 67 875 [[Hand]]
rect 139 293 196 365 [[X-ray of the thorax]]
rect 206 293 257 363 [[CT of the thorax]]
rect 136 373 203 424 [[Breast]]
rect 211 394 275 419 [[Heart]]
rect 206 368 306 422 [[Vascular]]
rect 131 270 329 427 [[Thorax]]
rect 141 453 203 491 [[Adrenal glands]]
rect 201 450 255 491 [[Liver]]
rect 257 453 324 491 [[Spleen]]
rect 144 494 239 522 [[Biliary tract]]
rect 237 491 322 522 [[Pancreas]]
rect 147 530 201 574 [[Kidney]]
rect 208 520 247 581 [[Aorta]]
rect 208 581 278 633 [[Vertebral column]]
rect 206 520 322 666 [[Stomach and intestines]]
rect 123 641 178 684 [[Pelvic bones]]
rect 144 522 208 612 [[Urinary system]]
rect 193 610 257 692 [[Urinary system]]
rect 111 692 172 751 [[Hip joint]]
rect 193 733 247 777 [[Female reproductive system]]
rect 252 731 304 777 [[Male reproductive system]]
rect 185 666 316 782 [[Reproductive system]]
rect 75 756 134 841 [[X-ray of the hip]]
rect 72 641 178 846 [[Hip]]
rect 123 427 332 790 [[Abdomen and pelvis]]
rect 72 846 232 1011 [[Thigh]]
rect 214 1016 270 1104 [[X-ray of the knee]]
rect 105 1014 278 1147 [[Knee]]
rect 103 1147 278 1397 [[Lower leg]]
rect 216 1399 270 1471 [[X-ray of the ankle]]
rect 105 1394 278 1474 [[Ankle]]
rect 193 1479 275 1533 [[X-ray of the foot]]
rect 105 1474 280 1538 [[Foot]]
rect 10 1024 82 1124 [[Vascular]]
rect 13 1132 82 1245 [[Musculoskeletal]]
rect 10 1371 90 1482 [[Contrast medium reaction]]
rect 3 1266 98 1487 [[Contrast media]]
desc bottom-left
</imagemap>
| id="mp-right" class="MainPageBG" style="border:1px solid #cedff2; padding:0; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"|

<h2 id="mp-itn-h2" style="margin:0.5em; background:#cedff2; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Emergencies</h2>
<div id="mp-itn" style="padding:0.1em 0.6em;">
*[[Trauma]]
*[[Stroke]]
*[[Contrast medium reaction]]</div>

<h2 id="mp-itn-h2" style="margin:0.5em; background:#cedff2; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">[[Radlines:About|About Radlines]]</h2>
<div id="mp-itn" style="padding:0.1em 0.6em;">
Radlines is an international, collaborative, non-profit, ad-free and open access collection of guidelines in radiology. It is created by doctors, providing quick access to the most relevant information.
<br>Further information: [[Radlines:About]]
<div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles. [https://radlines.org/index.php?title=Special%3AWhatLinksHere&target=Template%3ATop&namespace=0 See all]</div>
</div>

<h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#cedff2; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Case of the month</h2>
<div id="mp-otd" style="padding:0.1em 0.6em 0.5em;">[[File:3D CT of thorax, annotated.jpg|left|320px]]
<br clear="all">Volume rendering of a [[CT scan]] of a the thorax.</div>

<h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#cedff2; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">[[Abdomen and pelvis]]</h2>
{{Abdomen and pelvis locations}}
*[[Abdominal wall]]
[[Abdomen and pelvis|More abdomen and pelvis]]


<h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#cedff2; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Location-unspecific diseases</h2>
*[[Tumors]]
{{Superficial soft tissue diseases}}
|}

Radlines:Disclaimers

2019-09-24T11:38:53Z

Mikael Häggström: Sectioned

RADLINES, INCLUDING THE IMAGE AND TEXT CONTENT, ARE PROVIDED ON AN “AS IS” AND “AS AVAILABLE” BASIS. YOU ACKNOWLEDGE HAVING READ AND UNDERSTOOD THESE TERMS OF USE, INCLUDING THE "MEDICAL DISCLAIMER", AND ANY OTHER CONDITIONS BROUGHT TO YOUR ATTENTION IN THE COURSE OF YOUR ACCESS TO, OR USE OF, RADLINES.

==Patholines:General disclaimer==
TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, YOU EXPRESSLY AGREE THAT:

YOUR USE OF RADLINES IS AT YOUR SOLE RISK; EXCEPT AS OTHERWISE EXPRESSLY AGREED IN WRITING, RADLINES EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY IMPLIED OR EXPRESS REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND RELATING TO THE USE OF RADLINES; WITHOUT LIMITING THE FOREGOING, RADLINES AND ITS ASSOCIATES ASSUME NO RESPONSIBILITY FOR, AND MAKE NO WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION: as to the accuracy, currency, completeness, reliability or usefulness of, any information obtained through use of Radlines (including any advice, opinion, statement or other content or any products or services distributed or made available by third parties through Radlines); that confidentiality of information transmitted through Radlines will be maintained; that Radlines will be of merchantable quality, fit for a particular purpose or meet your requirements; that any access to, or use of, Radlines will: not infringe any rights (including intellectual property rights) of any third party; or be free of defects, viruses, or anything else (such as worms or Trojan horses) that may interfere with or damage the operations of a computer system; be uninterrupted or error free or; YOU MUST TAKE YOUR OWN PRECAUTIONS TO ENSURE THAT WHATEVER YOU SELECT FOR YOUR USE FROM RADLINES IS FREE OF DEFECTS, VIRUSES OR ANYTHING ELSE (SUCH AS WORMS OR TROJAN HORSES) THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH OR DAMAGE THE OPERATIONS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM; and RADLINES AND ITS ASSOCIATES ARE NOT LIABLE TO YOU OR ANYONE ELSE IF INTERFERENCE WITH OR DAMAGE TO YOUR COMPUTER SYSTEM OCCURS IN CONNECTION WITH YOUR USE OF RADLINES NO ADVICE OR INFORMATION, WHETHER ORAL OR WRITTEN, OBTAINED BY YOU FROM OR THROUGH YOUR USE OF RADLINES, OR OTHERWISE FROM RADLINES OR ITS ASSOCIATES, CREATES ANY WARRANTY NOT EXPRESSLY MADE IN THESE TERMS OF USE. YOU ACKNOWLEDGE THAT RADLINES DOES NOT CONTROL IN ANY RESPECT ANY INFORMATION, PRODUCTS OR SERVICES OFFERED BY THIRD PARTIES THROUGH RADLINES.

==Radlines:Medical disclaimer==
Content on Radlines is provided for educational purposes only, and is provided for use by medical professionals. It should not be used for self-diagnosis or self-treatment. It is not intended as, nor should it be, a substitute for independent professional medical care. We recommend that you consult your own physician regarding any diagnosis, imaging interpretation or course of treatment.

As content is submitted by individual users, Radlines and its associates (including licensors) (Associates) cannot guarantee its accuracy and assume no legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, currency or completeness of the information.

Medical practitioners must make their own independent assessment before suggesting a diagnosis or recommending or instituting a course of treatment. Radlines should not in any way be seen as a replacement for consultation with colleagues or other sources, or as a substitute for conventional training and study.

If you are not medically qualified and are registering as a lay person, you further acknowledge that the content on Radliness is provided for educational purposes only, and is provided for use by medical professionals. You agree to use the information solely for your own private educational purposes and further agree not to rely on the information in any way.

Reporting

2019-09-24T11:35:12Z

Mikael Häggström: /* Tailoring */ Wording

{{Top
|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]
|author2=
}}

Following are general notes on reporting on radiology images.

==Depth==
Factors supporting a relatively more comprehensive report:
*'''Double-reading''': If your report is likely to undergo double reading, it needs to be more detailed, particularly in the inclusion of conditions you have negated, because the doctor who will do the double reading then gets to know that you have looked at those locations.
*Lack of '''previous reports''', whose minor findings can often be summarized similar to "otherwise no additional findings since previous exam on [date]".
*Lack of '''explanation''' from existing evidence. In contrast, in for example an [[X-ray of the foot]] in a patient with foot pain, the finding of a fracture generally makes is unnecessary to report on for example very small calcaneal spurs.

Multiple instances of the same type of pathology (such as lung nodules or diseased joints) can often simply be reported as such, at least with a particular mention of the largest or the most severe example thereof, such as ''"at least moderate joint space narrowing and erosions of the DIP-joints, being severe at dig-III"''.

==Comparison==
A report should include the date(s) of any images used for comparison. Comparison (or mention thereof) is not needed if absence of pathology is clear even without it. For short reports, the date (in local date format) can be integrated in a sentence if the form layout allows, such as ''"Compared to the CT July 3, 2018, the consolidation..."''. Where comparisons are expected for multiple findings in an exam, the comparison should be mentioned separately at the beginning of the report, such as ''"Comparison: July 3, 2018"'', each item can be described similar to "compared to earlier...".

The clinical context for a previous exam should in some cases be mentioned in order to put relevance to similar findings. For example, radiodense fat around the gallbladder on both an old and a current CT is more likely a sign of cholecystitis if there were clinical symptoms of it on the previous occasion, suggesting two separate episodes.

==Certainty==
The same word used describing the certainty of findings can refer various probabilities, differing between radiologists as well as clinical situations. The following is a suggestion of words, in an attempt to sort them from most to least probable:
{|class="wikitable" align="left"
| (is)
|-
| probably
|-
| likely
|-
| suggestive
|-
| suspicious
|-
| maybe
|-
| possibly
|-
| (non-lethal condition) cannot be excluded
|-
| not likely
|-
| (lethal condition) cannot be excluded
|-
| not
|}
<br clear="all">

==Suggestions to clinicians==
Make suggestions about further imaging only if you know it is clinically relevant, which is usually not the case in for example incidental findings in patients with known cancer.<ref name="Ginsberg2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ginsberg|first1=Lawrence E.|title=“If Clinically Indicated:” Is It?|journal=Radiology|volume=254|issue=2|year=2010|pages=324–325|issn=0033-8419|doi=10.1148/radiol.09091736}}</ref>

==Tailoring==
The information contained in the reporting sections in Radlines assume that the clinician has requested the imaging for the topic of the article at hand, but should be tailored to any particular questions or requests by the clinician. Any relevant findings beyond the issues or questions raised by the clinician should also be mentioned. For automatically generated titles in digital reports, you may need to correct or make a note of any difference to the given projections.

The most important findings can be moved to near the top of the report if feasible, but doctors performing subsequent double-reading may prefer a consistent anatomic order.

If a certain grammatical rule has a risk of making the report less clear to the reader, ignore it.

Restrict acronyms/abbreviations to those who are certainly well known among all doctors, such as "cm".<ref name="NarodAhmed2016" group="notes">Acronyms/abbreviations increase reading speed only if the reader is familiar with the abbreviated terms:<br>- {{cite journal|last1=Narod|first1=S.A.|last2=Ahmed|first2=H.|last3=Akbari|first3=M.R.|title=Countercurrents: Do acronyms belong in the medical literature?|journal=Current Oncology|volume=23|issue=5|year=2016|pages=295|issn=1718-7729|doi=10.3747/co.23.3122}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Radlines:Editorial guidelines]], contains guidelines on how to write reporting guidelines in Radlines.
*[[Radlines:Disclaimers]]
*[[Evaluation]]

{{Bottom}}

Reporting

2019-09-24T11:26:29Z

Mikael Häggström: Moved

{{Top
|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]
|author2=
}}

Following are general notes on reporting on radiology images.

==Depth==
Factors supporting a relatively more comprehensive report:
*'''Double-reading''': If your report is likely to undergo double reading, it needs to be more detailed, particularly in the inclusion of conditions you have negated, because the doctor who will do the double reading then gets to know that you have looked at those locations.
*Lack of '''previous reports''', whose minor findings can often be summarized similar to "otherwise no additional findings since previous exam on [date]".
*Lack of '''explanation''' from existing evidence. In contrast, in for example an [[X-ray of the foot]] in a patient with foot pain, the finding of a fracture generally makes is unnecessary to report on for example very small calcaneal spurs.

Multiple instances of the same type of pathology (such as lung nodules or diseased joints) can often simply be reported as such, at least with a particular mention of the largest or the most severe example thereof, such as ''"at least moderate joint space narrowing and erosions of the DIP-joints, being severe at dig-III"''.

==Comparison==
A report should include the date(s) of any images used for comparison. Comparison (or mention thereof) is not needed if absence of pathology is clear even without it. For short reports, the date (in local date format) can be integrated in a sentence if the form layout allows, such as ''"Compared to the CT July 3, 2018, the consolidation..."''. Where comparisons are expected for multiple findings in an exam, the comparison should be mentioned separately at the beginning of the report, such as ''"Comparison: July 3, 2018"'', each item can be described similar to "compared to earlier...".

The clinical context for a previous exam should in some cases be mentioned in order to put relevance to similar findings. For example, radiodense fat around the gallbladder on both an old and a current CT is more likely a sign of cholecystitis if there were clinical symptoms of it on the previous occasion, suggesting two separate episodes.

==Certainty==
The same word used describing the certainty of findings can refer various probabilities, differing between radiologists as well as clinical situations. The following is a suggestion of words, in an attempt to sort them from most to least probable:
{|class="wikitable" align="left"
| (is)
|-
| probably
|-
| likely
|-
| suggestive
|-
| suspicious
|-
| maybe
|-
| possibly
|-
| (non-lethal condition) cannot be excluded
|-
| not likely
|-
| (lethal condition) cannot be excluded
|-
| not
|}
<br clear="all">

==Suggestions to clinicians==
Make suggestions about further imaging only if you know it is clinically relevant, which is usually not the case in for example incidental findings in patients with known cancer.<ref name="Ginsberg2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ginsberg|first1=Lawrence E.|title=“If Clinically Indicated:” Is It?|journal=Radiology|volume=254|issue=2|year=2010|pages=324–325|issn=0033-8419|doi=10.1148/radiol.09091736}}</ref>

==Tailoring==
The information contained in the reporting sections in Radlines assume that the clinician has requested the imaging for the topic of the article at hand, but should be tailored to any particular questions or requests by the clinician. Any relevant findings beyond the issues or questions raised by the clinician should also be mentioned. For automatically generated titles, you may need to correct or make a note of any difference to the projections at hand.

The most important findings can be moved to near the top of the report if feasible, but doctors performing subsequent double-reading may prefer a consistent anatomic order.

If a certain grammatical rule has a risk of making the report less clear to the reader, ignore it.

Restrict acronyms/abbreviations to those who are certainly well known among all doctors, such as "cm".<ref name="NarodAhmed2016" group="notes">Acronyms/abbreviations increase reading speed only if the reader is familiar with the abbreviated terms:<br>- {{cite journal|last1=Narod|first1=S.A.|last2=Ahmed|first2=H.|last3=Akbari|first3=M.R.|title=Countercurrents: Do acronyms belong in the medical literature?|journal=Current Oncology|volume=23|issue=5|year=2016|pages=295|issn=1718-7729|doi=10.3747/co.23.3122}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Radlines:Editorial guidelines]], contains guidelines on how to write reporting guidelines in Radlines.
*[[Radlines:Disclaimers]]
*[[Evaluation]]

{{Bottom}}

Radlines:Copyright

2019-09-20T09:59:11Z

Mikael Häggström: Detailed

All content in Radlines is open access. Everything in Radlines is by default published under the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)] license, meaning that those reusing the content must mentioning the names or organizations of the creators. Radlines also accepts works released into the [https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ Public Domain], that is, without any restrictions. The status of each image is seen on their description pages (found by clicking the image).

==Creative Commons Attribution 4.0==
For all Radlines material, including images, you are free to:
*'''Share''' — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
*'''Adapt''' — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.

Under the following terms:
*'''Attribution''' — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. Taking [[X-ray of the abdomen and pelvis]] as example, the wording of such attribution may be as follows, or variants thereof:
::*{{cite web|url=https://radlines.org/X-ray_of_the_abdomen_and_pelvis|title=X-ray of the abdomen and pelvis|date={{{{{|safesubst:}}}#time:j F Y}}|author=Mikael Häggström}} From [https://radlines.org Radlines.org]
::*Mikael Häggström, [https://radlines.org/Main Radlines.org]
:However, attribution is not legally required if only using Public Domain images from Radlines articles.

'''No additional restrictions''' — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
:*You are allowed to assign a more restrictive license to your work as a whole, but not specifically claim that any integrated content from Radlines has a more restrictive license.

:''Further legal information: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0) license]

Licensing of content under CC-BY without further restrictions allows it to be used by almost all medical journals, since this is the most common licensing of at least open access journals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://doaj.org/search#.XBqMAVVKj0N|website=Directory of Open Access Journals|title=Search by Journal license|accessdate=2018-12-19}}</ref>

==Copyright for authors==
For all publications, ''authors'' retain copyright (but allow sharing and reuse as per the license). Authors may thereby choose at a later time to use a less restrictive license, such as making a CC-BY work Public Domain.

==Importing works==
For any material within a work that is not available under a license permitted in Radlines, authors must gain written consent from the copyright holder(s) to publish the work under a permitted license.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Icon !! Description !! Acronym !! Permitted in Radlines
|-
| [[File:CC0 button.svg|alt=CC0 icon|88px]] || [https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ Freeing content into the Public Domain, without restrictions] || [https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ CC0] ||style="background:#9F9"| Yes
|-
| [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|alt=CC-BY icon|88px]] || Attribution alone || CC-BY ||style="background:#9F9"| Yes, as long as the source page and/or author is attributed, such as by a [[Radlines:Editorial_guidelines#References|Reference]]. Image creators are attributed at the image description pages that shows when clicking on them.
|-
| [[File:CC-BY-SA icon.svg|alt=CC-BY-SA icon|88px]] || Attribution + ShareAlike || CC-BY-SA ||style="background:#F99"| No
|-
| [[File:Cc-by-nc icon.svg|alt=CC-by-NC icon|88px]] || Attribution + Noncommercial || CC-BY-NC ||style="background:#F99"| No
|-
| [[File:Cc-by-nd icon.svg|alt=CC-BY-ND icon|88px]] || Attribution + NoDerivatives || CC-BY-ND ||style="background:#F99"| No
|}

:Further information about the licenses at Creative Commons: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ About The Licenses]

Also make sure to integrate imported content to fit [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines]].

===Non-copyrightable works===
Medical images (including radiographs, CT images etc) cannot be copyrightable if produced in certain countries, including the United States, see [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikilegal/Copyright_of_Medical_Imaging Wikilegal/Copyright of Medical Imaging]. Therefore, it is acceptable to import medical images created in the United States to Radlines without permission from the creator, and should be tagged as {{tl|PD-US-Medical imaging}}, which will give the following information:
{{PD-US-Medical imaging}}

Similarly, data and factual information are ''not'' protected by copyright, and considered to be public domain once published. Additionally, simple representations and visualisations of data (e.g. tables and barcharts) are typically not creative enough to be eligible for copyright protection. As such, these types of material may be freely imported to Radlines without permission.

==Relation to Wikipedia==
All content in Radlines can be copied to Wikipedia as long as appropriate attribution is made. For article text, such attribution can practically be made as a mention in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Edit_summary Edit summary], mentioning the Radlines article author(s) and the URL of the Radlines article.

The other way around, Wikipedia images (as well as images from [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikimedia Commons]) that have a compatible license can be used in Radlines. However, because the text in Wikipedia articles is licensed under [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License a Attribution + ShareAlike license], Wikipedia text cannot be directly copied to Radlines. Similarly, Wikipedia images released under a ShareAlike license can only be used with written permission from the author to have it published under CC BY or CC0. A response by private email is generally sufficient for this purpose. It is even more beneficial if the author agrees to change the license of the work at Wikipedia, such as changing the licensing template to {{tl|Cc-by-4.0}} on image description pages. If a more rigorous procedure is warranted, the author may store a permission note in the release generator of Wikimedia: https://tools.wmflabs.org/relgen/

==Plagiarism==
Works uploaded to Radlines must not contain plagiarised material, unless legally permitted by the license or other legislation that covers the material at hand, or with permission of the copyright holder. This includes:

*Text, images, or data that is copied from any other source
*Ideas, concepts, or analysis from any other source
*Material that is copied from the authors' own published works and without agreement of the editor or publisher of that work

==References==
{{reflist}}

Radlines:Editorial guidelines

2019-09-17T07:16:00Z

Mikael Häggström: /* No plain lists of causes */ +Why

{{Nutshell|
*Use [[#References|references]] where available, with in-line citations
*Add your real name at the top if having [[#Authorship|made significant contributions]]
*New articles '''must''' be [[#Inter-article structure|linked from the main page]] in a sequence that a radiologist would be likely to follow.
*[[#No lists of causes|Do not make lists of causes]]. Instead, explain the differences between the causes.
*When importing material, [[#Radlines is made by humans|integrate]] it with existing Radlines material
[[#How_to_create_a_new_article|Create new article]]
}}

==How to edit==
Editors of articles must be doctors of medicine, or have formal expertise in radiology by other means.

See [[Radlines:About#Participation]] on how to become an active article editor.

Generally, be '''bold''', and make changes whenever you think it will improve the site.

One highly beneficial method for editing is to write while performing the task at hand for an actual case, in order to discern what content is most relevant in that situation.

==="Edit" or "Edit source"===
When clicking "Edit", you use an editor ([https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/VisualEditor VisualEditor]) that is "What You See Is What You Get". When you click "Edit source", you edit in wikitext. It is preferable that you'll get used to using wikitext, such as by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikitext Wikipedia help:Wikitext]. Use [[Radlines:Upload]] for file uploads rather than the Insert > Media in VisualEditor (the latter is not tailored to the project, but please leave a message at the discussion page if you have a solution).

===Recommended approach===
Just start editing, taking the style to look similar to any relatively well developed article such as [[X-ray of hip dysplasia]]. If you do not know the tool or wiki code for what you want to do, just do something that makes it look as similar as possible, such as:

*Headers using UPPER CASE LETTERS
*Reference numbering using brackets, such as [1] in the text, and simply drop the PMID, DOI or web address of the source at the bottom (accurate formatting can be fixed later).

==User page==
A user page is the presentation page of that person, and can be found (and then edited) by clicking the username at top right. Recommended (but not mandatory) content of a user page includes:
*Real name
*Education, experience in radiology as well as current position.
*An '''[[Radlines:Upload|upload]]''' of a portrait of the user.
*An external link to another website presenting the user.
The user page is not a personal website, blog, or social networking medium. They should be used to better participate in the community, and not used to excess for unrelated purposes.

==References==

It is acceptable to write from experience if editing under one's real name rather than a username, although material should preferably still be supported by reliable external sources whenever it is likely that such exists for the topic of a sentence or section. Such external sources should, where available, be secondary ones such as textbooks and reviews rather than primary studies.

When editing under one's real name, it is also acceptable to use a hospital as a reference for local practices, as for example in [[X-ray of knee prosthesis#Reporting]].

Use only in-line referencing,<ref group="notes">Never just add a citation at the bottom of the article, even if it reflects all current content, since verification will be extremely difficult following future content additions</ref> using the "Cite" tab in [[#"Edit" or "Edit source"|"Edit" mode]], and <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki></ref></nowiki></code> in [[#"Edit" or "Edit source"|"Edit source" mode]] (see [[Wikipedia:Help:Footnotes#Footnotes:_the_basics|Wikipedia:Footnotes]] for additional help). With a known doi code for the reference, [https://reftag.appspot.com/doiweb.py the {T} DOI reference generator] can quickly generate the full citation. Likewise, [http://sumsearch.org/cite/ the Biomedical citation maker] can be used to generate full citations from PMID or PMCID.

==Geographic origin==
Geographic origin should be specified in the text for guidelines or other information that are expected to vary, including positive and negative predictive values of investigations (which depend on prevalences and incidences in the population). On the other hand, any geographic origin does not need to be stated for more universal knowledge such as sensitivity and specificity of investigations (which are independent on prevalences and incidences), or imaging findings. Geographic origin can be given in prose such as ''"a US practice is to..."'', or in the beginning of a reference, such as:
*'''USA:''' {{cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=Siva P.|last2=Fishman|first2=Elliot K.|title=Bladder Malignancies on CT: The Underrated Role of CT in Diagnosis|journal=American Journal of Roentgenology|volume=203|issue=2|year=2014|pages=347–354|issn=0361-803X|doi=10.2214/AJR.13.12021}}

===Coding===
In wiki code, it is recommended to add references by within <nowiki><ref> and </ref></nowiki> tags, in addition to adding the {{tl|Top}} and {{tl|Bottom}} templates to their respective places. Such <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags can be automatically generated from the doi codes at this site:
*[https://reftag.appspot.com/doiweb.py {T} DOI Wikipedia reference generator]
*Likewise, PMID or PMCID of articles can be used at this site:
*[http://sumsearch.org/cite/ http://sumsearch.org/cite/]
For example, entering 10.1038/438900a at the former page yields the following text:
*<nowiki><ref name="pmid16355180">{{cite journal| author=Giles J| title=Internet encyclopaedias go head to head. | journal=Nature | year= 2005 | volume= 438 | issue= 7070 | pages= 900-1 | pmid=16355180 | doi=10.1038/438900a | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16355180 }} </ref></nowiki>
When inserted in an article, it gives the following at the bottom:
*{{cite journal| author=Giles J| title=Internet encyclopaedias go head to head. | journal=Nature | year= 2005 | volume= 438 | issue= 7070 | pages= 900-1 | pmid=16355180 | doi=10.1038/438900a | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16355180 }}

===Notes===
Notes are added by adding ''group='' to the ref tag, such as:
*<nowiki><ref name="pitch" group="notes">Detailed explanations and references are located in the</nowiki> [[Calcaneal pitch]]<nowiki> article.</ref></nowiki> <br>,as seen in the article [[X-ray of flat feet]]

===Contentious matters===
Dubious or insufficiently referenced texts should be corrected, removed, or marked with inline cleanup tags, such as:
<br>{{Dubious}} - in source code editing, this is added by the addition of <nowiki>{{Dubious}}</nowiki>.
<br>{{Citation needed}} - by <nowiki>{{Citation needed}}</nowiki>.
<br>{{Better source}} - by <nowiki>{{Better source}}</nowiki>.

When sources have conflicting information, the alternatives are:
*Mention the differences (such as in [[Neck#Trauma]]). This is generally recommended when guidelines come from different countries.
*Choose one that is from a more reliable source, or seems more reasonable. In such cases, a note may be made about alternatives (such as in [[Fluoroscopy of central venous catheters#Notes]]).

==Authorship==
To be mentioned among the authors of an article, a user must:
*Use his/her real name in the author list (regardless of username used for editing).
*Have made a significant contribution to the article. There is no strict cutoff to what is significant, so in case of uncertainty it is recommended to make an entry at the [[Radlines:Discussion page|Discussion page]] of the article on the matter. If there is no response after 4 days, it is acceptable to add oneself in the author list after contributing to the article.
Being listed as an author implies a shared responsibility for the content of the article.

The preferable wiki coding for stating authorship of an article is to add the {{tl|Top}} template, such as in the text below, followed by a {{tl|Bottom}} at the bottom of the article.
:<nowiki>{{Top</nowiki>
:<nowiki>|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]</nowiki>
:<nowiki>|author2=</nowiki>
:<nowiki>}}</nowiki>

When at least one author is listed, and edits have been made by additional users (regardless of fulfilling the criteria above), ''et al.'' should be added to the author list, linking to the "View history" page of the article, in order to denote that the listed author(s) is not the only contributor(s).

When a substantial amount of content (with no strict threshold but often corresponding to about a section) is copied or closely paraphrased from a source with a Creative Commons license that includes attribution (such as [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ CC-BY]), the authors of that article should be mentioned at top, such as "Authors of integrated Creative Commons article" followed by a [[#References|reference]] to that article. If only minor portions of such article is integrated, it is enough to mention the authors by a reference at the integrated material.

==Target audience==
The text should be written to be understood by a medical school graduate with corresponding radiology knowledge. It should be '''concise''', so that a radiologist (or graduate training to become a radiologist) at work can quickly find the information of interest. For example, do not state what the reader most definitely already knows, such as ''"the exam can be done for both emergent and non-emergent reasons"''.

It should assumed that the readers do '''not know the names''' for the radiologic findings at hand, '''nor which conditions''' are causing them when trying to find their way through the inter-article structure of Radlines (described in sext section).

Text can be written in imperative format where appropriate, such as "Look at..." or "Avoid...".

The '''ambition''' should be what is acceptable for a general radiologist without sub-specialization to perform. More detailed evaluations should be linked to separate articles, whose title can begin as "Beyond the acceptable for evaluating...".

==Inter-article structure==
Articles in Radlines can be directly found by search engine, either by the internal search box at top, or external ones. In addition, each article subject should be connected with the main page through links in a series of pages, so that a radiologist can find their way to it by the appearance of that condition. For example, [[Angiomyolipoma]] should be found by clicking links in articles in the following sequence:
{|class="wikitable"
| '''Level''' || Main || Location || Location || Modality+Location || Modality+Presentation+Location || Disease
|-
| '''Example''' || [[Main]] || [[Abdomen and pelvis]] || [[Kidneys]] || [[CT of the kidneys]] || [[CT of renal mass]] || [[Angiomyolipoma]]
|}

There may be variations in the level structure, such as additional levels between the ones above, or articles about diseases in specific locations or by a specific modality.

By linking to further information in other articles, each article should be kept short enough to be read conveniently for a radiologist working with the subject at hand. Practically, this allows for somewhat longer articles for non-emergent exams.

===No orphans===
The creator of a new article must link the article back through a likely sequence that a radiologist would find that condition when seeing it. Articles lacking an unbroken connection to the main page should be tagged with {{Template|Orphan}}, and should be either connected to a sequence or deleted (if the author has been notified of this intention but hasn't made amendments in over two weeks).

Structuring into these levels require more extensive work for more systemic diseases. [[Arthritis]], for example, must be included in articles of multiple joints. It is the responsibility of the creator of such a disease article to add it to all locations where it is well known to be relevant. It may therefore be more simple to start with for example [[X-ray of arthritis of the hand]], which only needs linking from [[X-ray of the hand]].

An author wanting to upload a case must therefore make sure that there is at least a short article about the condition in general, for example a general article about [[angiomyolipoma]] (or CT or other specified modality of angiomyolipoma) when wanting to upload images of an unusual presentation of it.

===Forking===
Forking means to make one or more sub-articles from contents of a longer article. This should be done when the resultant structure better conforms to the inter-article structure above, and also when an article exceeds 15-20 images. The parent article should link to the fork by the following note at the top of the section:
{{Main|Fork title}}
This can be generated by the template [[Template:Main|<nowiki>{{Main|Fork title}}</nowiki>]]. The section of the parent article should also contain a short summary of the most relevant aspects of the topic. As an example, see:
*[[Ultrasonography of the scrotum#Intratesticular tumors]]

==No plain lists of causes==
[[File:No lists of causes.png|thumb|180px]]
[[File:Causes of hip pain.jpg|thumb|Potential causes seen on [[X-ray of hip pain]].]]
No disease or other condition should be mentioned without realistic clues for reaching it. Thus, when linking to a condition from the previous level in the sequence, it must not be done by including it in a plain list of causes. Rather, it must be integrated so that it is clear ''how'' it is different from other conditions. It can be done in prose (such as at [[CT_urography#Further_evaluation_of_suspected_tumors|Evaluation of suspected bladder tumors]] where for example a lack of enhancement indicates hematoma), and/or a table such as this example of how to include [[Angiomyolipoma]] in the article [[CT of renal mass]]:
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Causes of renal mass: CT findings<ref>{{cite web|url=http://radiologyassistant.nl/en/p571eea20ec282/kidney-solid-masses.html|title=Kidney - Solid masses|website={{RA}}|author=Rinze Reinhard, Mandy van der Zon-Conijn and Robin Smithuis|accessdate=2018-05-26}}</ref>
|-
| [[Angiomyolipoma]] || Macroscopic fat
|-
| [[Renal cell cancer]] || No fat
|-
| etc. || etc.
|}

At least the most common causes should be mentioned in such differentials.

If there is no radiologic appearance that distinguishes the condition from one or more other conditions, then another type of distinctive feature needs to be mentioned, such as a specific clinical symptom, or epidemiology including incidence or prevalence. Images of the conditions are sufficient when the difference is visually obvious.<ref group="notes">Without the rule of no lists of causes, such lists in similar wiki projects such as Radiopaedia tend to develop into excessively long lists, which are not useful at all.</ref>

Exemptions to the rule of no lists of causes:
*[[#Modality+Location articles|Modality+location articles]] may contain a "Diseases" or "Objectives" section. [[#Modality+Location articles|See below for requirements.]]
*If the article as a whole clearly conveys unique characteristics for each listed condition.
*The list has a description that radiologists generally do not need to distinguish between the conditions, and why that is the case. Reasons include that the conditions are rare or insignificant so that radiologists generally do not need to screen for them unless specifically asked by the referring clinician.
{{Current focus}}

For most needed articles, see [[Radlines:Contribute]].

==Radlines is made by humans==
Do not import or generate content in large amounts by automatic applications. It is acceptable to copy-paste text from other sources with compatible licensing (see [[Radlines:Copyright]]), but it needs to be properly integrated into the context of existing Radlines material.

It is acceptable to perform automated maintenance tasks, such as making terminology or organization more consistent, but it should be done with care, because an unusual layout or wording may be better for certain conditions.

Radlines uses [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Categories Categories] for scrolling among less common diseases. However, categories are not a replacement for articles that describe, summarize and distinguish related topics.

==Abbreviations==
Computed tomography should be abbreviated as CT, and magnetic resonance imaging should be abbreviated as MRI, since medical doctors can be presumed to be familiar with these.

Similarly, projectional radiography should be termed '''X-ray''' in article titles, but the introduction should include '''projectional radiography ("X-ray")''' to specify the scope, and X-ray should thereafter be used in article prose as well.

==Images==
Use [[Radlines:Upload]] to upload new files.
*See [[Radlines:Copyright]] for information regarding what images you may upload.
*See [[#Cases]] below for case-related guidelines.

[[File:T1-weighted-MRI.png|thumb|150px|Image description.]]
Images can be added in articles by clicking the "Edit" tab at top and then "Insert" and "Media". In source code, images are added to the right in the text by the following code for an example file "File:T1-weighted-MRI.png":<br>
<nowiki>[[File:T1-weighted-MRI.png|thumb|150px|Image description.]]</nowiki>

For more rendering alternatives, see [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Images Mediawiki:Help:Images]

==Links==
;Internal
Add internal links for words that are notable enough in radiology to have their own article, whether or not that article exists yet or not. In source code editing, internal links are created by adding <nowiki>[[</nowiki> and <nowiki>]]</nowiki> around the word or words. The text can be made different than the linked article title by <nowiki>[[title|text]]</nowiki>. For example, <nowiki>[[Reporting|General notes on reporting]]</nowiki> shows as [[Reporting|General notes on reporting]] but links to the article [[Reporting]].

;External
External links, when not used as [[#References|references]], should be kept in a separate section at the end of an article. They should only include open access pages. External links are not a replacement for writing content in Radlines with the same topic.
<br>In source code, external links are added by <nowiki>[URL title]</nowiki>. For example, with the following code: <br><nowiki>*[https://www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/surgery?showPage=diagnosis&bone=Femur&segment=Proximal AO classification of proximal femur fractures]</nowiki><br>The following link is generated:
*[https://www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/surgery?showPage=diagnosis&bone=Femur&segment=Proximal AO classification of proximal femur fractures]

An exception is radiographic positioning, where links to the corresponding article in [http://www.wikiradiography.net/ wikiradiography] can be added in the body of an article. For example, [[Forearm]] may contain the following links:
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+AP Forearm - AP]
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+Lateral Forearm - Lateral]

==General section recommendations==
Suggested headers for different types of articles are given in their sections below. Still, it is not necessary for the creator of an article to start multiple sections right away, but can let it grow with time by collaborative editing.

Radiographic positioning and settings may contain a link to one or more relevant articles in [http://www.wikiradiography.net/ wikiradiography]. For example, [[Forearm]] may contain the following links:
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+AP Forearm - AP]
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+Lateral Forearm - Lateral]

Sections to generally '''avoid''':
*'''Anatomy''' sections should generally not be used, because any relevant anatomy should be integrated into its context in other sections.
*'''Treatment''', unless regularly performed by radiologists themselves. Otherwise, information about treatment is only relevant if being written together with how it affects the way to plan, evaluate or report on the imaging.
*Section headers without content, where section content should be added right away, or the header be removed.

==Modality+Location articles==

Example: [[CT of the thorax]].

===Sections===
*'''Normal anatomy''', preferably including various age groups, such as at [[X-ray of the hand]]
:*'''"Normal" findings in chronic conditions''', which are generally not used in the diagnosis of that condition. This includes expected findings in congenital conditions whose diagnosis is generally made clinically or genetically close to birth, thereby allowing radiologists to determine if a finding is part of their known condition or because of a new disease or disorder.
*'''Basic screening''', which should generally be done regardless of the issue raised by the referral
*'''Diseases and conditions''' or '''Objectives''':
:*For any entry that does not yet have its own article, preferably only list it if you intend to write that article yourself in a near future.
:*Only include entries that are common or meaningful radiologic referral reasons. For example, [[CT of lung nodules]] is listed in [[CT of the thorax]], and not for example "CT of adenocarcinoma" because it is not a CT diagnosis.
:*Initially, conditions may be included in the article if being short, such as [[CT of the thorax#Lymphadenopathy]]. They should, however, preferably be expanded to own articles that are linked from the Modality+Location article as described in the [[#Inter-article structure]] section above.
:*[[#Templates|Templates (see below)]] can be used to include conditions both in the overall location article as well as the Modality+Location articles, such as {{tl|Diseases and conditions associated with CT and MRI of the head}} being included in [[Head]] and [[MRI of the head]] (while [[CT of the head]] has developed a more detailed list).
:As the list becomes larger, with over 5-10 entries, only the most common or otherwise significant ones should remain in the article, and the rest be moved to anatomic sub-regions or be linked from a separate category page.
*'''Techniques''', with subtypes of the topic at hand, such as [[CT of the thorax]] having a section on CT [[angiography]] of the region.
*'''Report''', containing a report on a basic screening in a normal case. It is recommended to also insert the [[#Templates|template]] {{tl|Reporting}} in the section, preferably at the bottom of it but possibly also below the section header. This inserts a link to general notes about reporting. Any example report can be followed by the template {{tl|Public Domain example}} to allow for copying in clinical practice without needing to attribute the article author, such as seen in [[Ultrasonography of the abdomen and pelvis#General screening]].

==Modality-unspecific disease or presentation articles==
Examples: [[Urolithiasis]], [[Neck trauma]]

These articles should focus on the planning of the investigation, such as by the following layout:
*'''Planning''', which assumes that there is a referral specifically asking for an investigation of the subject at hand. Recommended subsections include:
:*'''Justification''' of the investigation, such as symptoms raising the suspicion of the condition.
:*'''Choice of modality''', with preferable modalities and their main factors to consider in the choice.
:*'''How soon''' the investigation should be done.

The title should generally not be in plural.

Other aspects of the disease should generally be added at linked modality-specific articles.

Preferably, the section should be written as a template (see [[#Templates]] section below) that can be displayed in the modality-specific articles as well, such as [[Template:Neck trauma - choice of modality]], which is shown both in [[Neck trauma]] and [[CT of the neck in trauma]].

==Modality-specific disease or presentation articles==
Example: [[X-ray of distal radius fracture]]

===Title===
The title should include all the components (such as [[X-ray of distal radius fracture]]) unless the condition is specific for a particular location (such as [[Ultrasonography of appendicitis]]). Adpositions are generally "of", "in" or "for". There is no need for "suspected" or "possible" even for investigations generally used to rule out the disease.

The disease may be either in the plural form (such as in [[X-ray of fractures]]) or singular form (such as in [[X-ray of distal radius fracture]]).

===Sections===
The recommended layout is as follows:
*'''Introduction''', including a definition of the condition, and/or links to parent articles where available. For example, the introduction in the article ''[[X-ray of hip prostheses]]'' can start as ''"For '''[[X-ray of the hip joint]]''' in the presence of a prosthesis..."''.
*'''Planning'''. Possible content includes:
:*'''Choice of modality''', describing when to use available modalities (and not just ''"modalities may include:"'' or similar). This subsection should be written as a template (see [[#Templates]] section below) that can be displayed in modality-unspecific articles as well, such as [[Template:Neck trauma - choice of modality]], which is shown both in [[Neck trauma]] and [[CT of the neck in trauma]]. Include the "Choice of modality" header in the template. Thereby, these templates are editable by clicking the ''edit'' button by that header.
:*'''How soon''' the investigation should be done
:*What '''settings''' or '''sequences''' of for example MRI or CT are recommended
*'''Quality checking''', including signs that the investigation needs to be redone
*'''Analysis''' of '''Findings''', whose structure of subsections should generally be based on appearance, but sometimes on other information that is generally known, such as age of the patient for bone tumors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiologyassistant.nl/en/p494e15cbf0d8d/bone-tumor-systematic-approach-and-differential-diagnosis.html|title=Bone tumor - Systematic approach and Differential diagnosis|author=Henk Jan van der Woude and Robin Smithuis|site={{RA}}|accessdate=2018-05-26}}</ref>
:It is also recommended to link to general screening in CT and MRI for the location at hand, such as [[CT in dementia]] linking to [[CT_of_the_head#Basic_screening|Basic screening of head CT]].
:*'''Further evaluation''', with important concomitant findings when the disease is known, such as staging of cancers.
*'''Report''', preferably including at least one example of a report with typical findings of a disease ([[X-ray of knee prosthesis#Report|Example]]), as well as one report including the most important absences of findings when the disease is important to rule out. It is recommended to also insert the [[#Templates|template]] {{tl|Reporting}} in the section, preferably at the bottom of it but possibly also below the section header. This inserts a link to general notes about reporting. Different levels of comprehensiveness is preferable, such as at [[X-ray of hip prostheses#Report]]. Any example report can be followed by the template {{tl|Public Domain example}} to allow for copying in clinical practice without needing to attribute the article author.

Disease articles can have a short introduction with one or two sentences about pathophysiology, and likewise for symptoms, prognosis and general treatment. Otherwise, these aspects should only be included where relevant in the radiologic differential diagnosis. These aspects are not necessary if the differential diagnosis can be made by visible radiologic findings alone.

==Cases==
Case descriptions should be written entirely in the description page of the uploaded image. Descriptions must include:
*'''Consent note''', for example "Verbal consent"
The following additional data are preferable:
*'''Diagnostic certainty''', from "Possible", "Probable", "Almost certain" to "Certain", or "Not applicable"
*Patient '''age'''
*Patient '''sex'''
*Patient '''history''' and/or '''symptoms'''
*'''Findings''' in the image

===Multiple images===
In cases with 2 or 3 images, it can be done by either:
*Copying the descriptions to each image page.
*Make an article starting as "Case of a ...", and linking to that article in each image page.
*Templating, as described in the [[#Templates]] section below. For this purpose, the steps include:
**Giving the template a title, for example: ''26 year old woman with ectopic pregnancy, description''
**Write the case description on the template page. On the template page, it is also recommended to list all images that belong to the case.
**Press save, and implement the template in each related image.

===Image stacks===
{{Imagestack
|width=250
|title=Title
|align=right
|background=#ffffff
|loop=no
|File:Computed tomography of human brain (16).png|Caption of 1st image
|File:Computed tomography of human brain (15).png|Next image has no caption
|File:Computed tomography of human brain (14).png|
}}

Image stacks such as for CTs and MRIs can be created by choosing "Edit source" and adding for example the following code (resultant stack displayed at right):
{|class="wikitable"
|
<nowiki>{{Imagestack</nowiki>
<br>|width=250
<br>|title=Title
<br>|align=right
<br>|background=#ffffff
<br>|loop=no
<br>|File:Computed tomography of human brain (16).png|Caption of 1st image
<br>|File:Computed tomography of human brain (15).png|Next image has no caption
<br>|File:Computed tomography of human brain (14).png|
<br><nowiki>}}</nowiki>
|}
To make it easier for both yourself and the reader, limit the stack to only the images necessary to demonstrate the conditions at hand.

To move through the images, hover over the image and use scroll wheel, drag the mouse over the image, or click the < or the > above each stack. This functionality should activate when the page is fully loaded, which may take some if there are many images in the stack.

==Interventions==

===Sections===
The recommended layout is as follows:
*'''Planning''' or '''Preparation'''
:*'''Choice of modality'''
:*'''Bleeding''', such as by the template <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Low risk of bleeding|Low risk of bleeding]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>
:*'''Choice''' of material and/or instruments, for example "Transducer choice" for ultrasonographic interventions
:*'''Patient information'''
:*'''Time taken''', which can be given as the time usually allotted to the procedure.
*'''Procedure'''
*'''Report'''

Example: [[Ultrasound-guided hip joint injection]]

==How to create a new article==
You need to create an account and become approved as Editor before being able to create articles. See [[Radlines:About#Participation]]. As an approved Editor, you can create an article as follows:

<div style="align:left; max-width:40em"><inputbox>
type = create
buttonlabel = Create article
placeholder = Enter article title here and click "Create article"
break = no
editintro = Radlines:Article editintro
</inputbox></div>

You also get the alternative to create an article by clicking [[red links]] (terms lacking an article), or by searching for such terms in the search box at top right.

==Templates==
A template has the ability to show the same material in multiple pages, and edits to it show up immediately in all those pages.

===Indications===
{|class="wikitable" align="right"
| This table appears in multiple articles
|-
| {{Diameters of abdominal aorta}}
|}
For example, the template {{tl|Diameters of abdominal aorta}} shows a table of the diameters of the aorta in both of these articles:
*[[CT of abdominal aneurysm]]
*[[Ultrasonography of abdominal aneurysm]]
This avoids contradictions and missed locations when the data needs to be updated.

Templates can be used for data tables, like the example, that are applicable to multiple articles. They can also be used for case descriptions on each related image page as described in the [[#Cases|Cases section]] above.

However, they should not be used for article prose, whose optimal wording often depends on the context of the article.

Common templates include:
*"Choice of modality" sections as described in [[#Modality-specific disease or presentation articles]] above.
*Links to more general information on a topic, such as the {{tl|Reporting}} template which should be added at the end of each such section, or {{tl|X-ray of fractures}} which may be added at the evaluation section of each such article.

===Creation===
<div style="align:left; max-width:40em"><inputbox>
type = create
buttonlabel = Create template
placeholder = Template title
prefix = Template:
break = no
editintro = Radlines:Template editintro
</inputbox></div>

For templates used in articles, preferably make a table box for template content, to show what content belongs to the template, such as <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Low risk of bleeding|Low risk of bleeding]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki> (from top menu, or by placing
:<nowiki>{|class="wikitable"</nowiki>
:<nowiki>|</nowiki>
at the top and
:<nowiki>|}</nowiki>
below template content.

===Implementation===
Write the same title, surrounded by two curly brackets on each side, where the template is needed, such as:<br> <nowiki>{{26 year old woman with ectopic pregnancy, description}}</nowiki>

===Edit===
<div style="align:left; max-width:40em"><inputbox>
type = create
buttonlabel = Edit template
placeholder = Template title
prefix = Template:
break = no
</inputbox></div>
Alternatively, templates can be edited by searching for the template title in the search bar at top, preceded by ''Template:'' but without the curly brackets, such as:<br> ''Template:26 year old woman with ectopic pregnancy, description''

When editing or viewing a template page, the pages where it is used are found at "What links here" in the left menu.

''Technical description of templates in MediaWiki: [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Templates MediaWiki: Help: Templates]

==Variations of English==
Radlines articles may be written in ''American English'' (such as tumor) or ''British English'' (such as tumo'''u'''r). Keep a consistent format within each article; If an article is started in ''American English'', make any additions in ''American English'' as well.

==Talk pages==
Talk pages of each article is found by clicking the "Discussion" tab above. Use the "Edit source" or "Add topic" to make additional entries. Add <code><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code> at the end, which will add your username and timestamp. The "Add a comment" functionality is reserved for readers who do not have Editor permission.

===Introducing new editors===
New editors can be welcomed by adding the following, or similar, on their talk pages (which can be found by entering "User talk:" followed by the username in the search bar):

*Welcome to Radlines! I have received your submitted form, and I have now added you as an editor of Radlines. You will find more information on how to contribute at [[Radlines:Contribute]]. (If the new editor has approved this in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdqCj6TIIx8AuMiWthPWuohwxPoIVz7j0BUAIWQbrq-dT_Kqw/viewform the form]:) I have also added you at [[Radlines:About#Editors]]. You are welcome to add more details about yourself there, as well as at your user page (see [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines#User_page]]). Again, welcome! (Signature)

In source code editing, the above may be added by copy-pasting the following text:
*<code><nowiki>Welcome to Radlines! I have received your submitted form, and I have now added you as an editor of Radlines. You will find more information on how to contribute at [[Radlines:Contribute]]. I have also added you at [[Radlines:About#Editors]]. You are welcome to add more details about yourself there, as well as at your user page (see [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines#User_page]]). Feel free to ask me if you have any further questions. Again, welcome! ~~~~</nowiki></code>

==See also==
*[[Radlines:About]]
*[[Radlines:Copyright]]
{{Bottom}}

CT of the abdomen and pelvis

2019-09-17T07:07:57Z

Mikael Häggström: /* Report */ Formatting

{{Top
|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]
|author2=
}}

==Emergencies==
*[[CT of the abdomen and pelvis in trauma|CT of the abdomen and pelvis in '''trauma''']]

==Locations==
{{Abdomen and pelvis locations}}

==Basic screening==
[[Compare]] with any previous exam.

Example approach:
===Liver, spleen, adrenals and kidneys===
Scan through the entire volumes and look mainly for focal changes.
*The thickness of the adrenal glands is normally up to 1.0 cm.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/543510_2|title=CT and MRI of Adrenal Masses|author=Antonio Carlos A. Westphalen and Bonnie N. Joe|journal=Appl Radiol|year=2006|volume=35|issue=8|pages=10–26}}</ref>
Further information:
<gallery>
File:CT of the liver.jpg|link=CT of the liver|[[CT of the liver|CT of the '''liver''']]
File:CT of adrenal adenoma.jpg|link=CT of the adrenals|[[CT of the adrenals|CT of the '''adrenals''']]
</gallery>
*Look at the gallbladder and biliary tract for visible stones or dilatation.
*Also exclude hydronephrosis of the kidneys.

===Free gas===
Switch to a lung window (wide attenuation range), with main focus on the anterior wall, where gas most likely appears.
<br>While in this window, also have a glance at the bases of the lungs for pleural fluid or obvious lung tumors.

===Free fluid===
Look mainly in the hepatorenal recess and inferiorly in the pelvis.

===Lymph nodes===
Look mainly around the aorta and iliac arteries.
{|class="wikitable" align="right"
|+Upper abdominal lymph node cutoffs
|-
| Retrocrural space || 6 mm<ref name="DorfmanAlpern1991">{{cite journal|last1=Dorfman|first1=R E|last2=Alpern|first2=M B|last3=Gross|first3=B H|last4=Sandler|first4=M A|title=Upper abdominal lymph nodes: criteria for normal size determined with CT.|journal=Radiology|volume=180|issue=2|year=1991|pages=319–322|issn=0033-8419|doi=10.1148/radiology.180.2.2068292}}</ref>
|-
| Paracardiac || 8 mm<ref name="DorfmanAlpern1991"/>
|-
| Gastrohepatic ligament || 8 mm<ref name="DorfmanAlpern1991"/>
|-
| Upper paraaortic region || 9 mm<ref name="DorfmanAlpern1991"/>
|-
| Portacaval space || 10 mm<ref name="DorfmanAlpern1991"/>
|-
| Porta hepatis || 7 mm<ref name="DorfmanAlpern1991"/>
|-
| Lower paraaortic region || 11 mm<ref name="DorfmanAlpern1991"/>
|}

===Small intestine===
On CT scans, a small intestinal diameter of over 2.5 cm is considered abnormally dilated.<ref name=medscape>{{cite web|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/374962-overview|title=Small-Bowel Obstruction Imaging|website=Medscape|date=2016-09-22|author=Ali Nawaz Khan|accessdate=2017-02-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiologymasterclass.co.uk/tutorials/abdo/abdomen_x-ray_abnormalities/pathology_small_bowel_obstruction|title=Abdominal X-ray - Abnormal bowel gas pattern|website=radiologymasterclass.co.uk|accessdate=2017-02-07}}</ref><ref name="GazelleGoldberg1994">{{cite journal|last1=Gazelle|first1=G S|last2=Goldberg|first2=M A|last3=Wittenberg|first3=J|last4=Halpern|first4=E F|last5=Pinkney|first5=L|last6=Mueller|first6=P R|title=Efficacy of CT in distinguishing small-bowel obstruction from other causes of small-bowel dilatation.|journal=American Journal of Roentgenology|volume=162|issue=1|year=1994|pages=43–47|issn=0361-803X|doi=10.2214/ajr.162.1.8273687}}</ref>

===Large intestine===
[[File:Diameters of the large intestine.svg|thumb|Average inner diameters and ranges of different sections of the large intestine.<ref name=Nguyen>{{cite journal |vauthors=Nguyen H, Loustaunau C, Facista A, Ramsey L, Hassounah N, Taylor H, Krouse R, Payne CM, Tsikitis VL, Goldschmid S, Banerjee B, Perini RF, Bernstein C |title=Deficient Pms2, ERCC1, Ku86, CcOI in field defects during progression to colon cancer |journal=J Vis Exp |volume= |issue=41 |pages= |year=2010 |pmid=20689513 |pmc=3149991 |doi=10.3791/1931 |url=}}</ref>]]
*Exclude dilatations.
*Check the intestinal wall for any thickening of over 5 mm.<ref name="FernandesOliveira2014">{{cite journal|last1=Fernandes|first1=Teresa|last2=Oliveira|first2=Maria I.|last3=Castro|first3=Ricardo|last4=Araújo|first4=Bruno|last5=Viamonte|first5=Bárbara|last6=Cunha|first6=Rui|title=Bowel wall thickening at CT: simplifying the diagnosis|journal=Insights into Imaging|volume=5|issue=2|year=2014|pages=195–208|issn=1869-4101|doi=10.1007/s13244-013-0308-y}}</ref> Focal, irregular and asymmetrical gastrointestinal wall thickening suggests a malignancy.<ref name="FernandesOliveira2014"/> Segmental or diffuse gastrointestinal wall thickening is most often due to ischemic, inflammatory or infectious disease.<ref name="FernandesOliveira2014"/>

===Aorta===
*Exclude aneurysm, which is generally defined as over 3 cm.<ref name=ACC2005>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, Bakal CW, Creager MA, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Murphy WR, Olin JW, Puschett JB, Rosenfield KA, Sacks D, Stanley JC, Taylor LM, White CJ, White J, White RA, Antman EM, Smith SC, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gibbons RJ, Hunt SA, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B | title = ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): a collaborative report from the American Associations for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease)—summary of recommendations | journal = J Vasc Interv Radiol | volume = 17 | issue = 9 | pages = 1383–97; quiz 1398 | date = September 2006 | pmid = 16990459 | doi = 10.1097/01.RVI.0000240426.53079.46 }}</ref> {{Further|CT of abdominal aneurysm}}

===Urinary bladder===
Quick look for obvious wall thickening.

===Reproductive system===
'''Males:'''
Quick look at the prostate for obvious irregularities.
<gallery>
File:CT of prostate cancer.jpg|Prostate cancer.
</gallery>

'''Females:'''
Look mainly at the locations of the ovaries for any expansions.

===Skeleton===
Any signs of damage.

===Other extra-peritoneal volumes===
Quick overview to exclude mainly obvious soft tissue expansions such as hematomas (see [[CT of muscular hematoma]]).

===Report===
Example report in a normal abdomen:
{|class="wikitable"
|
No free gas or ascites
<br>No focal changes in parenchymatous organs
<br>No hydronephrosis or dilated biliary tract
<br>No pleural fluid in visualized thorax.
<br>No enlarged lymph nodes.
<br>Normal intestinal calibers.
{{Public Domain example}}
|}
{{Reporting}}

==Special cases==
*[[CT of the abdomen and pelvis in trauma|CT of the abdomen and pelvis in '''trauma''']]

{{Bottom}}

CT of the thorax

2019-09-17T07:06:27Z

Mikael Häggström: /* Report */ +Pleural fluid

{{Top
|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]
|author2=
}}
==Normal anatomy==
[[File:High-resolution computed tomographs of a normal thorax (thumbnail).jpg|thumb|center|link=Commons:Scrollable high-resolution computed tomography images of a normal thorax|High-resolution computed tomographs of a normal thorax, taken in the axial, coronal and sagittal planes, respectively. {{noprint|[[Commons:Scrollable high-resolution computed tomography images of a normal thorax|Click here to scroll through the image stacks.]]}}]]

==Regions==
<gallery>
File:CT of the heart.jpg|link=CT of the heart|[[CT of the heart|CT of the '''heart''']]
</gallery>

==Angiography==
[[CT angiography]] of the thorax is a [[contrast CT]] exam, tailored to the proper [[contrast phase]] depending on the level of the suspected condition by the referring clinician:
*Veins from contrast infusion
:*[[CT of superior vena cava syndrome|CT of '''superior vena cava syndrome''']]
*Pulmonary veins
:*[[CT of pulmonary embolism|CT of '''pulmonary embolism''']]

==Basic screening==
*'''Lung parenchyma''': Scan for opacities, preferably at a [[maximum intensity projection]] of about 8 mm in order to detect any lung nodules (if found, see '''[[CT of lung nodules]]''').<ref name="KawelSeifert2009">{{cite journal|last1=Kawel|first1=Nadine|last2=Seifert|first2=Burkhardt|last3=Luetolf|first3=Marcus|last4=Boehm|first4=Thomas|title=Effect of Slab Thickness on the CT Detection of Pulmonary Nodules: Use of Sliding Thin-Slab Maximum Intensity Projection and Volume Rendering|journal=American Journal of Roentgenology|volume=192|issue=5|year=2009|pages=1324–1329|issn=0361-803X|doi=10.2214/AJR.08.1689}}</ref>
*'''Pleura''', for any fluid in the dorsal parts
*'''Skeleton''': Any signs of damage.
*'''Lymph''' nodes in mediastinal, hilar and axial areas. ''If possibly enlarged, see '''[[CT of thoracic lymphadenopathy]]'''
*Visible '''abdominal''' volumes for any expansions or focal changes in the liver, adrenals or spleen.

===Report===
Even absence of:
*Opacities in the lung parenchyma.
*Pleural fluid.

{{Reporting}}

==Diseases==
;Lungs
*[[CT of lung nodules|CT of '''lung nodules''']]

;Vascular
*[[CT of pulmonary embolism|CT of '''pulmonary embolism''']]
*[[CT of superior vena cava syndrome|CT of '''superior vena cava syndrome''']]

;Lymph nodes
*[[CT of thoracic lymphadenopathy|CT of thoracic '''lymphadenopathy''']]

===Pulmonary hypertension===
The presence of a dilated main pulmonary artery of 29 mm or more in combination with an artery–to-bronchus diameter ratio of 1:1 or more at segmental level in three or four lobes, confers a specificity of 100% for the presence of pulmonary hypertension.<ref name="PeñaDennie2012">{{cite journal|last1=Peña|first1=Elena|last2=Dennie|first2=Carole|last3=Veinot|first3=John|last4=Muñiz|first4=Susana Hernández|title=Pulmonary Hypertension: How the Radiologist Can Help|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=32|issue=1|year=2012|pages=9–32|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/rg.321105232}}</ref>

{{Bottom}}

Radlines:Editorial guidelines

2019-09-13T09:23:44Z

Mikael Häggström: /* Modality+Location articles */ +Example

{{Nutshell|
*Use [[#References|references]] where available, with in-line citations
*Add your real name at the top if having [[#Authorship|made significant contributions]]
*New articles '''must''' be [[#Inter-article structure|linked from the main page]] in a sequence that a radiologist would be likely to follow.
*[[#No lists of causes|Do not make lists of causes]]. Instead, explain the differences between the causes.
*When importing material, [[#Radlines is made by humans|integrate]] it with existing Radlines material
[[#How_to_create_a_new_article|Create new article]]
}}

==How to edit==
Editors of articles must be doctors of medicine, or have formal expertise in radiology by other means.

See [[Radlines:About#Participation]] on how to become an active article editor.

Generally, be '''bold''', and make changes whenever you think it will improve the site.

One highly beneficial method for editing is to write while performing the task at hand for an actual case, in order to discern what content is most relevant in that situation.

==="Edit" or "Edit source"===
When clicking "Edit", you use an editor ([https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/VisualEditor VisualEditor]) that is "What You See Is What You Get". When you click "Edit source", you edit in wikitext. It is preferable that you'll get used to using wikitext, such as by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikitext Wikipedia help:Wikitext]. Use [[Radlines:Upload]] for file uploads rather than the Insert > Media in VisualEditor (the latter is not tailored to the project, but please leave a message at the discussion page if you have a solution).

===Recommended approach===
Just start editing, taking the style to look similar to any relatively well developed article such as [[X-ray of hip dysplasia]]. If you do not know the tool or wiki code for what you want to do, just do something that makes it look as similar as possible, such as:

*Headers using UPPER CASE LETTERS
*Reference numbering using brackets, such as [1] in the text, and simply drop the PMID, DOI or web address of the source at the bottom (accurate formatting can be fixed later).

==User page==
A user page is the presentation page of that person, and can be found (and then edited) by clicking the username at top right. Recommended (but not mandatory) content of a user page includes:
*Real name
*Education, experience in radiology as well as current position.
*An '''[[Radlines:Upload|upload]]''' of a portrait of the user.
*An external link to another website presenting the user.
The user page is not a personal website, blog, or social networking medium. They should be used to better participate in the community, and not used to excess for unrelated purposes.

==References==

It is acceptable to write from experience if editing under one's real name rather than a username, although material should preferably still be supported by reliable external sources whenever it is likely that such exists for the topic of a sentence or section. Such external sources should, where available, be secondary ones such as textbooks and reviews rather than primary studies.

When editing under one's real name, it is also acceptable to use a hospital as a reference for local practices, as for example in [[X-ray of knee prosthesis#Reporting]].

Use only in-line referencing,<ref group="notes">Never just add a citation at the bottom of the article, even if it reflects all current content, since verification will be extremely difficult following future content additions</ref> using the "Cite" tab in [[#"Edit" or "Edit source"|"Edit" mode]], and <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki></ref></nowiki></code> in [[#"Edit" or "Edit source"|"Edit source" mode]] (see [[Wikipedia:Help:Footnotes#Footnotes:_the_basics|Wikipedia:Footnotes]] for additional help). With a known doi code for the reference, [https://reftag.appspot.com/doiweb.py the {T} DOI reference generator] can quickly generate the full citation. Likewise, [http://sumsearch.org/cite/ the Biomedical citation maker] can be used to generate full citations from PMID or PMCID.

==Geographic origin==
Geographic origin should be specified in the text for guidelines or other information that are expected to vary, including positive and negative predictive values of investigations (which depend on prevalences and incidences in the population). On the other hand, any geographic origin does not need to be stated for more universal knowledge such as sensitivity and specificity of investigations (which are independent on prevalences and incidences), or imaging findings. Geographic origin can be given in prose such as ''"a US practice is to..."'', or in the beginning of a reference, such as:
*'''USA:''' {{cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=Siva P.|last2=Fishman|first2=Elliot K.|title=Bladder Malignancies on CT: The Underrated Role of CT in Diagnosis|journal=American Journal of Roentgenology|volume=203|issue=2|year=2014|pages=347–354|issn=0361-803X|doi=10.2214/AJR.13.12021}}

===Coding===
In wiki code, it is recommended to add references by within <nowiki><ref> and </ref></nowiki> tags, in addition to adding the {{tl|Top}} and {{tl|Bottom}} templates to their respective places. Such <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags can be automatically generated from the doi codes at this site:
*[https://reftag.appspot.com/doiweb.py {T} DOI Wikipedia reference generator]
*Likewise, PMID or PMCID of articles can be used at this site:
*[http://sumsearch.org/cite/ http://sumsearch.org/cite/]
For example, entering 10.1038/438900a at the former page yields the following text:
*<nowiki><ref name="pmid16355180">{{cite journal| author=Giles J| title=Internet encyclopaedias go head to head. | journal=Nature | year= 2005 | volume= 438 | issue= 7070 | pages= 900-1 | pmid=16355180 | doi=10.1038/438900a | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16355180 }} </ref></nowiki>
When inserted in an article, it gives the following at the bottom:
*{{cite journal| author=Giles J| title=Internet encyclopaedias go head to head. | journal=Nature | year= 2005 | volume= 438 | issue= 7070 | pages= 900-1 | pmid=16355180 | doi=10.1038/438900a | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16355180 }}

===Notes===
Notes are added by adding ''group='' to the ref tag, such as:
*<nowiki><ref name="pitch" group="notes">Detailed explanations and references are located in the</nowiki> [[Calcaneal pitch]]<nowiki> article.</ref></nowiki> <br>,as seen in the article [[X-ray of flat feet]]

===Contentious matters===
Dubious or insufficiently referenced texts should be corrected, removed, or marked with inline cleanup tags, such as:
<br>{{Dubious}} - in source code editing, this is added by the addition of <nowiki>{{Dubious}}</nowiki>.
<br>{{Citation needed}} - by <nowiki>{{Citation needed}}</nowiki>.
<br>{{Better source}} - by <nowiki>{{Better source}}</nowiki>.

When sources have conflicting information, the alternatives are:
*Mention the differences (such as in [[Neck#Trauma]]). This is generally recommended when guidelines come from different countries.
*Choose one that is from a more reliable source, or seems more reasonable. In such cases, a note may be made about alternatives (such as in [[Fluoroscopy of central venous catheters#Notes]]).

==Authorship==
To be mentioned among the authors of an article, a user must:
*Use his/her real name in the author list (regardless of username used for editing).
*Have made a significant contribution to the article. There is no strict cutoff to what is significant, so in case of uncertainty it is recommended to make an entry at the [[Radlines:Discussion page|Discussion page]] of the article on the matter. If there is no response after 4 days, it is acceptable to add oneself in the author list after contributing to the article.
Being listed as an author implies a shared responsibility for the content of the article.

The preferable wiki coding for stating authorship of an article is to add the {{tl|Top}} template, such as in the text below, followed by a {{tl|Bottom}} at the bottom of the article.
:<nowiki>{{Top</nowiki>
:<nowiki>|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]</nowiki>
:<nowiki>|author2=</nowiki>
:<nowiki>}}</nowiki>

When at least one author is listed, and edits have been made by additional users (regardless of fulfilling the criteria above), ''et al.'' should be added to the author list, linking to the "View history" page of the article, in order to denote that the listed author(s) is not the only contributor(s).

When a substantial amount of content (with no strict threshold but often corresponding to about a section) is copied or closely paraphrased from a source with a Creative Commons license that includes attribution (such as [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ CC-BY]), the authors of that article should be mentioned at top, such as "Authors of integrated Creative Commons article" followed by a [[#References|reference]] to that article. If only minor portions of such article is integrated, it is enough to mention the authors by a reference at the integrated material.

==Target audience==
The text should be written to be understood by a medical school graduate with corresponding radiology knowledge. It should be '''concise''', so that a radiologist (or graduate training to become a radiologist) at work can quickly find the information of interest. For example, do not state what the reader most definitely already knows, such as ''"the exam can be done for both emergent and non-emergent reasons"''.

It should assumed that the readers do '''not know the names''' for the radiologic findings at hand, '''nor which conditions''' are causing them when trying to find their way through the inter-article structure of Radlines (described in sext section).

Text can be written in imperative format where appropriate, such as "Look at..." or "Avoid...".

The '''ambition''' should be what is acceptable for a general radiologist without sub-specialization to perform. More detailed evaluations should be linked to separate articles, whose title can begin as "Beyond the acceptable for evaluating...".

==Inter-article structure==
Articles in Radlines can be directly found by search engine, either by the internal search box at top, or external ones. In addition, each article subject should be connected with the main page through links in a series of pages, so that a radiologist can find their way to it by the appearance of that condition. For example, [[Angiomyolipoma]] should be found by clicking links in articles in the following sequence:
{|class="wikitable"
| '''Level''' || Main || Location || Location || Modality+Location || Modality+Presentation+Location || Disease
|-
| '''Example''' || [[Main]] || [[Abdomen and pelvis]] || [[Kidneys]] || [[CT of the kidneys]] || [[CT of renal mass]] || [[Angiomyolipoma]]
|}

There may be variations in the level structure, such as additional levels between the ones above, or articles about diseases in specific locations or by a specific modality.

By linking to further information in other articles, each article should be kept short enough to be read conveniently for a radiologist working with the subject at hand. Practically, this allows for somewhat longer articles for non-emergent exams.

===No orphans===
The creator of a new article must link the article back through a likely sequence that a radiologist would find that condition when seeing it. Articles lacking an unbroken connection to the main page should be tagged with {{Template|Orphan}}, and should be either connected to a sequence or deleted (if the author has been notified of this intention but hasn't made amendments in over two weeks).

Structuring into these levels require more extensive work for more systemic diseases. [[Arthritis]], for example, must be included in articles of multiple joints. It is the responsibility of the creator of such a disease article to add it to all locations where it is well known to be relevant. It may therefore be more simple to start with for example [[X-ray of arthritis of the hand]], which only needs linking from [[X-ray of the hand]].

An author wanting to upload a case must therefore make sure that there is at least a short article about the condition in general, for example a general article about [[angiomyolipoma]] (or CT or other specified modality of angiomyolipoma) when wanting to upload images of an unusual presentation of it.

===Forking===
Forking means to make one or more sub-articles from contents of a longer article. This should be done when the resultant structure better conforms to the inter-article structure above, and also when an article exceeds 15-20 images. The parent article should link to the fork by the following note at the top of the section:
{{Main|Fork title}}
This can be generated by the template [[Template:Main|<nowiki>{{Main|Fork title}}</nowiki>]]. The section of the parent article should also contain a short summary of the most relevant aspects of the topic. As an example, see:
*[[Ultrasonography of the scrotum#Intratesticular tumors]]

==No plain lists of causes==
[[File:No lists of causes.png|thumb|180px]]
[[File:Causes of hip pain.jpg|thumb|Potential causes seen on [[X-ray of hip pain]].]]
When linking to a condition from the previous level in the sequence, it must not be done by including it in a plain list of causes. Rather, it must be integrated so that it is clear ''how'' it is different from other conditions. It can be done in prose (such as at [[CT_urography#Further_evaluation_of_suspected_tumors|Evaluation of suspected bladder tumors]] where for example a lack of enhancement indicates hematoma), and/or a table such as this example of how to include [[Angiomyolipoma]] in the article [[CT of renal mass]]:
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Causes of renal mass: CT findings<ref>{{cite web|url=http://radiologyassistant.nl/en/p571eea20ec282/kidney-solid-masses.html|title=Kidney - Solid masses|website={{RA}}|author=Rinze Reinhard, Mandy van der Zon-Conijn and Robin Smithuis|accessdate=2018-05-26}}</ref>
|-
| [[Angiomyolipoma]] || Macroscopic fat
|-
| [[Renal cell cancer]] || No fat
|-
| etc. || etc.
|}

At least the most common causes should be mentioned in such differentials.

If there is no radiologic appearance that distinguishes the condition from one or more other conditions, then another type of distinctive feature needs to be mentioned, such as a specific clinical symptom, or epidemiology including incidence or prevalence. Images of the conditions are sufficient when the difference is visually obvious.<ref group="notes">Without the rule of no lists of causes, such lists in similar wiki projects such as Radiopaedia tend to develop into excessively long lists, which are not useful at all.</ref>

Exemptions to the rule of no lists of causes:
*[[#Modality+Location articles|Modality+location articles]] may contain a "Diseases" or "Objectives" section. [[#Modality+Location articles|See below for requirements.]]
*If the article as a whole clearly conveys unique characteristics for each listed condition.
*The list has a description that radiologists generally do not need to distinguish between the conditions, and why that is the case. Reasons include that the conditions are rare or insignificant so that radiologists generally do not need to screen for them unless specifically asked by the referring clinician.
{{Current focus}}

For most needed articles, see [[Radlines:Contribute]].

==Radlines is made by humans==
Do not import or generate content in large amounts by automatic applications. It is acceptable to copy-paste text from other sources with compatible licensing (see [[Radlines:Copyright]]), but it needs to be properly integrated into the context of existing Radlines material.

It is acceptable to perform automated maintenance tasks, such as making terminology or organization more consistent, but it should be done with care, because an unusual layout or wording may be better for certain conditions.

Radlines uses [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Categories Categories] for scrolling among less common diseases. However, categories are not a replacement for articles that describe, summarize and distinguish related topics.

==Abbreviations==
Computed tomography should be abbreviated as CT, and magnetic resonance imaging should be abbreviated as MRI, since medical doctors can be presumed to be familiar with these.

Similarly, projectional radiography should be termed '''X-ray''' in article titles, but the introduction should include '''projectional radiography ("X-ray")''' to specify the scope, and X-ray should thereafter be used in article prose as well.

==Images==
Use [[Radlines:Upload]] to upload new files.
*See [[Radlines:Copyright]] for information regarding what images you may upload.
*See [[#Cases]] below for case-related guidelines.

[[File:T1-weighted-MRI.png|thumb|150px|Image description.]]
Images can be added in articles by clicking the "Edit" tab at top and then "Insert" and "Media". In source code, images are added to the right in the text by the following code for an example file "File:T1-weighted-MRI.png":<br>
<nowiki>[[File:T1-weighted-MRI.png|thumb|150px|Image description.]]</nowiki>

For more rendering alternatives, see [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Images Mediawiki:Help:Images]

==Links==
;Internal
Add internal links for words that are notable enough in radiology to have their own article, whether or not that article exists yet or not. In source code editing, internal links are created by adding <nowiki>[[</nowiki> and <nowiki>]]</nowiki> around the word or words. The text can be made different than the linked article title by <nowiki>[[title|text]]</nowiki>. For example, <nowiki>[[Reporting|General notes on reporting]]</nowiki> shows as [[Reporting|General notes on reporting]] but links to the article [[Reporting]].

;External
External links, when not used as [[#References|references]], should be kept in a separate section at the end of an article. They should only include open access pages. External links are not a replacement for writing content in Radlines with the same topic.
<br>In source code, external links are added by <nowiki>[URL title]</nowiki>. For example, with the following code: <br><nowiki>*[https://www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/surgery?showPage=diagnosis&bone=Femur&segment=Proximal AO classification of proximal femur fractures]</nowiki><br>The following link is generated:
*[https://www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/surgery?showPage=diagnosis&bone=Femur&segment=Proximal AO classification of proximal femur fractures]

An exception is radiographic positioning, where links to the corresponding article in [http://www.wikiradiography.net/ wikiradiography] can be added in the body of an article. For example, [[Forearm]] may contain the following links:
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+AP Forearm - AP]
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+Lateral Forearm - Lateral]

==General section recommendations==
Suggested headers for different types of articles are given in their sections below. Still, it is not necessary for the creator of an article to start multiple sections right away, but can let it grow with time by collaborative editing.

Radiographic positioning and settings may contain a link to one or more relevant articles in [http://www.wikiradiography.net/ wikiradiography]. For example, [[Forearm]] may contain the following links:
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+AP Forearm - AP]
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+Lateral Forearm - Lateral]

Sections to generally '''avoid''':
*'''Anatomy''' sections should generally not be used, because any relevant anatomy should be integrated into its context in other sections.
*'''Treatment''', unless regularly performed by radiologists themselves. Otherwise, information about treatment is only relevant if being written together with how it affects the way to plan, evaluate or report on the imaging.
*Section headers without content, where section content should be added right away, or the header be removed.

==Modality+Location articles==

Example: [[CT of the thorax]].

===Sections===
*'''Normal anatomy''', preferably including various age groups, such as at [[X-ray of the hand]]
:*'''"Normal" findings in chronic conditions''', which are generally not used in the diagnosis of that condition. This includes expected findings in congenital conditions whose diagnosis is generally made clinically or genetically close to birth, thereby allowing radiologists to determine if a finding is part of their known condition or because of a new disease or disorder.
*'''Basic screening''', which should generally be done regardless of the issue raised by the referral
*'''Diseases and conditions''' or '''Objectives''':
:*For any entry that does not yet have its own article, preferably only list it if you intend to write that article yourself in a near future.
:*Only include entries that are common or meaningful radiologic referral reasons. For example, [[CT of lung nodules]] is listed in [[CT of the thorax]], and not for example "CT of adenocarcinoma" because it is not a CT diagnosis.
:*Initially, conditions may be included in the article if being short, such as [[CT of the thorax#Lymphadenopathy]]. They should, however, preferably be expanded to own articles that are linked from the Modality+Location article as described in the [[#Inter-article structure]] section above.
:*[[#Templates|Templates (see below)]] can be used to include conditions both in the overall location article as well as the Modality+Location articles, such as {{tl|Diseases and conditions associated with CT and MRI of the head}} being included in [[Head]] and [[MRI of the head]] (while [[CT of the head]] has developed a more detailed list).
:As the list becomes larger, with over 5-10 entries, only the most common or otherwise significant ones should remain in the article, and the rest be moved to anatomic sub-regions or be linked from a separate category page.
*'''Techniques''', with subtypes of the topic at hand, such as [[CT of the thorax]] having a section on CT [[angiography]] of the region.
*'''Report''', containing a report on a basic screening in a normal case. It is recommended to also insert the [[#Templates|template]] {{tl|Reporting}} in the section, preferably at the bottom of it but possibly also below the section header. This inserts a link to general notes about reporting. Any example report can be followed by the template {{tl|Public Domain example}} to allow for copying in clinical practice without needing to attribute the article author, such as seen in [[Ultrasonography of the abdomen and pelvis#General screening]].

==Modality-unspecific disease or presentation articles==
Examples: [[Urolithiasis]], [[Neck trauma]]

These articles should focus on the planning of the investigation, such as by the following layout:
*'''Planning''', which assumes that there is a referral specifically asking for an investigation of the subject at hand. Recommended subsections include:
:*'''Justification''' of the investigation, such as symptoms raising the suspicion of the condition.
:*'''Choice of modality''', with preferable modalities and their main factors to consider in the choice.
:*'''How soon''' the investigation should be done.

The title should generally not be in plural.

Other aspects of the disease should generally be added at linked modality-specific articles.

Preferably, the section should be written as a template (see [[#Templates]] section below) that can be displayed in the modality-specific articles as well, such as [[Template:Neck trauma - choice of modality]], which is shown both in [[Neck trauma]] and [[CT of the neck in trauma]].

==Modality-specific disease or presentation articles==
Example: [[X-ray of distal radius fracture]]

===Title===
The title should include all the components (such as [[X-ray of distal radius fracture]]) unless the condition is specific for a particular location (such as [[Ultrasonography of appendicitis]]). Adpositions are generally "of", "in" or "for". There is no need for "suspected" or "possible" even for investigations generally used to rule out the disease.

The disease may be either in the plural form (such as in [[X-ray of fractures]]) or singular form (such as in [[X-ray of distal radius fracture]]).

===Sections===
The recommended layout is as follows:
*'''Introduction''', including a definition of the condition, and/or links to parent articles where available. For example, the introduction in the article ''[[X-ray of hip prostheses]]'' can start as ''"For '''[[X-ray of the hip joint]]''' in the presence of a prosthesis..."''.
*'''Planning'''. Possible content includes:
:*'''Choice of modality''', describing when to use available modalities (and not just ''"modalities may include:"'' or similar). This subsection should be written as a template (see [[#Templates]] section below) that can be displayed in modality-unspecific articles as well, such as [[Template:Neck trauma - choice of modality]], which is shown both in [[Neck trauma]] and [[CT of the neck in trauma]]. Include the "Choice of modality" header in the template. Thereby, these templates are editable by clicking the ''edit'' button by that header.
:*'''How soon''' the investigation should be done
:*What '''settings''' or '''sequences''' of for example MRI or CT are recommended
*'''Quality checking''', including signs that the investigation needs to be redone
*'''Analysis''' of '''Findings''', whose structure of subsections should generally be based on appearance, but sometimes on other information that is generally known, such as age of the patient for bone tumors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiologyassistant.nl/en/p494e15cbf0d8d/bone-tumor-systematic-approach-and-differential-diagnosis.html|title=Bone tumor - Systematic approach and Differential diagnosis|author=Henk Jan van der Woude and Robin Smithuis|site={{RA}}|accessdate=2018-05-26}}</ref>
:It is also recommended to link to general screening in CT and MRI for the location at hand, such as [[CT in dementia]] linking to [[CT_of_the_head#Basic_screening|Basic screening of head CT]].
:*'''Further evaluation''', with important concomitant findings when the disease is known, such as staging of cancers.
*'''Report''', preferably including at least one example of a report with typical findings of a disease ([[X-ray of knee prosthesis#Report|Example]]), as well as one report including the most important absences of findings when the disease is important to rule out. It is recommended to also insert the [[#Templates|template]] {{tl|Reporting}} in the section, preferably at the bottom of it but possibly also below the section header. This inserts a link to general notes about reporting. Different levels of comprehensiveness is preferable, such as at [[X-ray of hip prostheses#Report]]. Any example report can be followed by the template {{tl|Public Domain example}} to allow for copying in clinical practice without needing to attribute the article author.

Disease articles can have a short introduction with one or two sentences about pathophysiology, and likewise for symptoms, prognosis and general treatment. Otherwise, these aspects should only be included where relevant in the radiologic differential diagnosis. These aspects are not necessary if the differential diagnosis can be made by visible radiologic findings alone.

==Cases==
Case descriptions should be written entirely in the description page of the uploaded image. Descriptions must include:
*'''Consent note''', for example "Verbal consent"
The following additional data are preferable:
*'''Diagnostic certainty''', from "Possible", "Probable", "Almost certain" to "Certain", or "Not applicable"
*Patient '''age'''
*Patient '''sex'''
*Patient '''history''' and/or '''symptoms'''
*'''Findings''' in the image

===Multiple images===
In cases with 2 or 3 images, it can be done by either:
*Copying the descriptions to each image page.
*Make an article starting as "Case of a ...", and linking to that article in each image page.
*Templating, as described in the [[#Templates]] section below. For this purpose, the steps include:
**Giving the template a title, for example: ''26 year old woman with ectopic pregnancy, description''
**Write the case description on the template page. On the template page, it is also recommended to list all images that belong to the case.
**Press save, and implement the template in each related image.

===Image stacks===
{{Imagestack
|width=250
|title=Title
|align=right
|background=#ffffff
|loop=no
|File:Computed tomography of human brain (16).png|Caption of 1st image
|File:Computed tomography of human brain (15).png|Next image has no caption
|File:Computed tomography of human brain (14).png|
}}

Image stacks such as for CTs and MRIs can be created by choosing "Edit source" and adding for example the following code (resultant stack displayed at right):
{|class="wikitable"
|
<nowiki>{{Imagestack</nowiki>
<br>|width=250
<br>|title=Title
<br>|align=right
<br>|background=#ffffff
<br>|loop=no
<br>|File:Computed tomography of human brain (16).png|Caption of 1st image
<br>|File:Computed tomography of human brain (15).png|Next image has no caption
<br>|File:Computed tomography of human brain (14).png|
<br><nowiki>}}</nowiki>
|}
To make it easier for both yourself and the reader, limit the stack to only the images necessary to demonstrate the conditions at hand.

To move through the images, hover over the image and use scroll wheel, drag the mouse over the image, or click the < or the > above each stack. This functionality should activate when the page is fully loaded, which may take some if there are many images in the stack.

==Interventions==

===Sections===
The recommended layout is as follows:
*'''Planning''' or '''Preparation'''
:*'''Choice of modality'''
:*'''Bleeding''', such as by the template <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Low risk of bleeding|Low risk of bleeding]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>
:*'''Choice''' of material and/or instruments, for example "Transducer choice" for ultrasonographic interventions
:*'''Patient information'''
:*'''Time taken''', which can be given as the time usually allotted to the procedure.
*'''Procedure'''
*'''Report'''

Example: [[Ultrasound-guided hip joint injection]]

==How to create a new article==
You need to create an account and become approved as Editor before being able to create articles. See [[Radlines:About#Participation]]. As an approved Editor, you can create an article as follows:

<div style="align:left; max-width:40em"><inputbox>
type = create
buttonlabel = Create article
placeholder = Enter article title here and click "Create article"
break = no
editintro = Radlines:Article editintro
</inputbox></div>

You also get the alternative to create an article by clicking [[red links]] (terms lacking an article), or by searching for such terms in the search box at top right.

==Templates==
A template has the ability to show the same material in multiple pages, and edits to it show up immediately in all those pages.

===Indications===
{|class="wikitable" align="right"
| This table appears in multiple articles
|-
| {{Diameters of abdominal aorta}}
|}
For example, the template {{tl|Diameters of abdominal aorta}} shows a table of the diameters of the aorta in both of these articles:
*[[CT of abdominal aneurysm]]
*[[Ultrasonography of abdominal aneurysm]]
This avoids contradictions and missed locations when the data needs to be updated.

Templates can be used for data tables, like the example, that are applicable to multiple articles. They can also be used for case descriptions on each related image page as described in the [[#Cases|Cases section]] above.

However, they should not be used for article prose, whose optimal wording often depends on the context of the article.

Common templates include:
*"Choice of modality" sections as described in [[#Modality-specific disease or presentation articles]] above.
*Links to more general information on a topic, such as the {{tl|Reporting}} template which should be added at the end of each such section, or {{tl|X-ray of fractures}} which may be added at the evaluation section of each such article.

===Creation===
<div style="align:left; max-width:40em"><inputbox>
type = create
buttonlabel = Create template
placeholder = Template title
prefix = Template:
break = no
editintro = Radlines:Template editintro
</inputbox></div>

For templates used in articles, preferably make a table box for template content, to show what content belongs to the template, such as <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Low risk of bleeding|Low risk of bleeding]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki> (from top menu, or by placing
:<nowiki>{|class="wikitable"</nowiki>
:<nowiki>|</nowiki>
at the top and
:<nowiki>|}</nowiki>
below template content.

===Implementation===
Write the same title, surrounded by two curly brackets on each side, where the template is needed, such as:<br> <nowiki>{{26 year old woman with ectopic pregnancy, description}}</nowiki>

===Edit===
<div style="align:left; max-width:40em"><inputbox>
type = create
buttonlabel = Edit template
placeholder = Template title
prefix = Template:
break = no
</inputbox></div>
Alternatively, templates can be edited by searching for the template title in the search bar at top, preceded by ''Template:'' but without the curly brackets, such as:<br> ''Template:26 year old woman with ectopic pregnancy, description''

When editing or viewing a template page, the pages where it is used are found at "What links here" in the left menu.

''Technical description of templates in MediaWiki: [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Templates MediaWiki: Help: Templates]

==Variations of English==
Radlines articles may be written in ''American English'' (such as tumor) or ''British English'' (such as tumo'''u'''r). Keep a consistent format within each article; If an article is started in ''American English'', make any additions in ''American English'' as well.

==Talk pages==
Talk pages of each article is found by clicking the "Discussion" tab above. Use the "Edit source" or "Add topic" to make additional entries. Add <code><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code> at the end, which will add your username and timestamp. The "Add a comment" functionality is reserved for readers who do not have Editor permission.

===Introducing new editors===
New editors can be welcomed by adding the following, or similar, on their talk pages (which can be found by entering "User talk:" followed by the username in the search bar):

*Welcome to Radlines! I have received your submitted form, and I have now added you as an editor of Radlines. You will find more information on how to contribute at [[Radlines:Contribute]]. (If the new editor has approved this in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdqCj6TIIx8AuMiWthPWuohwxPoIVz7j0BUAIWQbrq-dT_Kqw/viewform the form]:) I have also added you at [[Radlines:About#Editors]]. You are welcome to add more details about yourself there, as well as at your user page (see [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines#User_page]]). Again, welcome! (Signature)

In source code editing, the above may be added by copy-pasting the following text:
*<code><nowiki>Welcome to Radlines! I have received your submitted form, and I have now added you as an editor of Radlines. You will find more information on how to contribute at [[Radlines:Contribute]]. I have also added you at [[Radlines:About#Editors]]. You are welcome to add more details about yourself there, as well as at your user page (see [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines#User_page]]). Feel free to ask me if you have any further questions. Again, welcome! ~~~~</nowiki></code>

==See also==
*[[Radlines:About]]
*[[Radlines:Copyright]]
{{Bottom}}

Radlines:Editorial guidelines

2019-09-13T09:22:07Z

Mikael Häggström: /* Modality-specific disease or presentation articles */ +Template

{{Nutshell|
*Use [[#References|references]] where available, with in-line citations
*Add your real name at the top if having [[#Authorship|made significant contributions]]
*New articles '''must''' be [[#Inter-article structure|linked from the main page]] in a sequence that a radiologist would be likely to follow.
*[[#No lists of causes|Do not make lists of causes]]. Instead, explain the differences between the causes.
*When importing material, [[#Radlines is made by humans|integrate]] it with existing Radlines material
[[#How_to_create_a_new_article|Create new article]]
}}

==How to edit==
Editors of articles must be doctors of medicine, or have formal expertise in radiology by other means.

See [[Radlines:About#Participation]] on how to become an active article editor.

Generally, be '''bold''', and make changes whenever you think it will improve the site.

One highly beneficial method for editing is to write while performing the task at hand for an actual case, in order to discern what content is most relevant in that situation.

==="Edit" or "Edit source"===
When clicking "Edit", you use an editor ([https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/VisualEditor VisualEditor]) that is "What You See Is What You Get". When you click "Edit source", you edit in wikitext. It is preferable that you'll get used to using wikitext, such as by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikitext Wikipedia help:Wikitext]. Use [[Radlines:Upload]] for file uploads rather than the Insert > Media in VisualEditor (the latter is not tailored to the project, but please leave a message at the discussion page if you have a solution).

===Recommended approach===
Just start editing, taking the style to look similar to any relatively well developed article such as [[X-ray of hip dysplasia]]. If you do not know the tool or wiki code for what you want to do, just do something that makes it look as similar as possible, such as:

*Headers using UPPER CASE LETTERS
*Reference numbering using brackets, such as [1] in the text, and simply drop the PMID, DOI or web address of the source at the bottom (accurate formatting can be fixed later).

==User page==
A user page is the presentation page of that person, and can be found (and then edited) by clicking the username at top right. Recommended (but not mandatory) content of a user page includes:
*Real name
*Education, experience in radiology as well as current position.
*An '''[[Radlines:Upload|upload]]''' of a portrait of the user.
*An external link to another website presenting the user.
The user page is not a personal website, blog, or social networking medium. They should be used to better participate in the community, and not used to excess for unrelated purposes.

==References==

It is acceptable to write from experience if editing under one's real name rather than a username, although material should preferably still be supported by reliable external sources whenever it is likely that such exists for the topic of a sentence or section. Such external sources should, where available, be secondary ones such as textbooks and reviews rather than primary studies.

When editing under one's real name, it is also acceptable to use a hospital as a reference for local practices, as for example in [[X-ray of knee prosthesis#Reporting]].

Use only in-line referencing,<ref group="notes">Never just add a citation at the bottom of the article, even if it reflects all current content, since verification will be extremely difficult following future content additions</ref> using the "Cite" tab in [[#"Edit" or "Edit source"|"Edit" mode]], and <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki></ref></nowiki></code> in [[#"Edit" or "Edit source"|"Edit source" mode]] (see [[Wikipedia:Help:Footnotes#Footnotes:_the_basics|Wikipedia:Footnotes]] for additional help). With a known doi code for the reference, [https://reftag.appspot.com/doiweb.py the {T} DOI reference generator] can quickly generate the full citation. Likewise, [http://sumsearch.org/cite/ the Biomedical citation maker] can be used to generate full citations from PMID or PMCID.

==Geographic origin==
Geographic origin should be specified in the text for guidelines or other information that are expected to vary, including positive and negative predictive values of investigations (which depend on prevalences and incidences in the population). On the other hand, any geographic origin does not need to be stated for more universal knowledge such as sensitivity and specificity of investigations (which are independent on prevalences and incidences), or imaging findings. Geographic origin can be given in prose such as ''"a US practice is to..."'', or in the beginning of a reference, such as:
*'''USA:''' {{cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=Siva P.|last2=Fishman|first2=Elliot K.|title=Bladder Malignancies on CT: The Underrated Role of CT in Diagnosis|journal=American Journal of Roentgenology|volume=203|issue=2|year=2014|pages=347–354|issn=0361-803X|doi=10.2214/AJR.13.12021}}

===Coding===
In wiki code, it is recommended to add references by within <nowiki><ref> and </ref></nowiki> tags, in addition to adding the {{tl|Top}} and {{tl|Bottom}} templates to their respective places. Such <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags can be automatically generated from the doi codes at this site:
*[https://reftag.appspot.com/doiweb.py {T} DOI Wikipedia reference generator]
*Likewise, PMID or PMCID of articles can be used at this site:
*[http://sumsearch.org/cite/ http://sumsearch.org/cite/]
For example, entering 10.1038/438900a at the former page yields the following text:
*<nowiki><ref name="pmid16355180">{{cite journal| author=Giles J| title=Internet encyclopaedias go head to head. | journal=Nature | year= 2005 | volume= 438 | issue= 7070 | pages= 900-1 | pmid=16355180 | doi=10.1038/438900a | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16355180 }} </ref></nowiki>
When inserted in an article, it gives the following at the bottom:
*{{cite journal| author=Giles J| title=Internet encyclopaedias go head to head. | journal=Nature | year= 2005 | volume= 438 | issue= 7070 | pages= 900-1 | pmid=16355180 | doi=10.1038/438900a | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16355180 }}

===Notes===
Notes are added by adding ''group='' to the ref tag, such as:
*<nowiki><ref name="pitch" group="notes">Detailed explanations and references are located in the</nowiki> [[Calcaneal pitch]]<nowiki> article.</ref></nowiki> <br>,as seen in the article [[X-ray of flat feet]]

===Contentious matters===
Dubious or insufficiently referenced texts should be corrected, removed, or marked with inline cleanup tags, such as:
<br>{{Dubious}} - in source code editing, this is added by the addition of <nowiki>{{Dubious}}</nowiki>.
<br>{{Citation needed}} - by <nowiki>{{Citation needed}}</nowiki>.
<br>{{Better source}} - by <nowiki>{{Better source}}</nowiki>.

When sources have conflicting information, the alternatives are:
*Mention the differences (such as in [[Neck#Trauma]]). This is generally recommended when guidelines come from different countries.
*Choose one that is from a more reliable source, or seems more reasonable. In such cases, a note may be made about alternatives (such as in [[Fluoroscopy of central venous catheters#Notes]]).

==Authorship==
To be mentioned among the authors of an article, a user must:
*Use his/her real name in the author list (regardless of username used for editing).
*Have made a significant contribution to the article. There is no strict cutoff to what is significant, so in case of uncertainty it is recommended to make an entry at the [[Radlines:Discussion page|Discussion page]] of the article on the matter. If there is no response after 4 days, it is acceptable to add oneself in the author list after contributing to the article.
Being listed as an author implies a shared responsibility for the content of the article.

The preferable wiki coding for stating authorship of an article is to add the {{tl|Top}} template, such as in the text below, followed by a {{tl|Bottom}} at the bottom of the article.
:<nowiki>{{Top</nowiki>
:<nowiki>|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]</nowiki>
:<nowiki>|author2=</nowiki>
:<nowiki>}}</nowiki>

When at least one author is listed, and edits have been made by additional users (regardless of fulfilling the criteria above), ''et al.'' should be added to the author list, linking to the "View history" page of the article, in order to denote that the listed author(s) is not the only contributor(s).

When a substantial amount of content (with no strict threshold but often corresponding to about a section) is copied or closely paraphrased from a source with a Creative Commons license that includes attribution (such as [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ CC-BY]), the authors of that article should be mentioned at top, such as "Authors of integrated Creative Commons article" followed by a [[#References|reference]] to that article. If only minor portions of such article is integrated, it is enough to mention the authors by a reference at the integrated material.

==Target audience==
The text should be written to be understood by a medical school graduate with corresponding radiology knowledge. It should be '''concise''', so that a radiologist (or graduate training to become a radiologist) at work can quickly find the information of interest. For example, do not state what the reader most definitely already knows, such as ''"the exam can be done for both emergent and non-emergent reasons"''.

It should assumed that the readers do '''not know the names''' for the radiologic findings at hand, '''nor which conditions''' are causing them when trying to find their way through the inter-article structure of Radlines (described in sext section).

Text can be written in imperative format where appropriate, such as "Look at..." or "Avoid...".

The '''ambition''' should be what is acceptable for a general radiologist without sub-specialization to perform. More detailed evaluations should be linked to separate articles, whose title can begin as "Beyond the acceptable for evaluating...".

==Inter-article structure==
Articles in Radlines can be directly found by search engine, either by the internal search box at top, or external ones. In addition, each article subject should be connected with the main page through links in a series of pages, so that a radiologist can find their way to it by the appearance of that condition. For example, [[Angiomyolipoma]] should be found by clicking links in articles in the following sequence:
{|class="wikitable"
| '''Level''' || Main || Location || Location || Modality+Location || Modality+Presentation+Location || Disease
|-
| '''Example''' || [[Main]] || [[Abdomen and pelvis]] || [[Kidneys]] || [[CT of the kidneys]] || [[CT of renal mass]] || [[Angiomyolipoma]]
|}

There may be variations in the level structure, such as additional levels between the ones above, or articles about diseases in specific locations or by a specific modality.

By linking to further information in other articles, each article should be kept short enough to be read conveniently for a radiologist working with the subject at hand. Practically, this allows for somewhat longer articles for non-emergent exams.

===No orphans===
The creator of a new article must link the article back through a likely sequence that a radiologist would find that condition when seeing it. Articles lacking an unbroken connection to the main page should be tagged with {{Template|Orphan}}, and should be either connected to a sequence or deleted (if the author has been notified of this intention but hasn't made amendments in over two weeks).

Structuring into these levels require more extensive work for more systemic diseases. [[Arthritis]], for example, must be included in articles of multiple joints. It is the responsibility of the creator of such a disease article to add it to all locations where it is well known to be relevant. It may therefore be more simple to start with for example [[X-ray of arthritis of the hand]], which only needs linking from [[X-ray of the hand]].

An author wanting to upload a case must therefore make sure that there is at least a short article about the condition in general, for example a general article about [[angiomyolipoma]] (or CT or other specified modality of angiomyolipoma) when wanting to upload images of an unusual presentation of it.

===Forking===
Forking means to make one or more sub-articles from contents of a longer article. This should be done when the resultant structure better conforms to the inter-article structure above, and also when an article exceeds 15-20 images. The parent article should link to the fork by the following note at the top of the section:
{{Main|Fork title}}
This can be generated by the template [[Template:Main|<nowiki>{{Main|Fork title}}</nowiki>]]. The section of the parent article should also contain a short summary of the most relevant aspects of the topic. As an example, see:
*[[Ultrasonography of the scrotum#Intratesticular tumors]]

==No plain lists of causes==
[[File:No lists of causes.png|thumb|180px]]
[[File:Causes of hip pain.jpg|thumb|Potential causes seen on [[X-ray of hip pain]].]]
When linking to a condition from the previous level in the sequence, it must not be done by including it in a plain list of causes. Rather, it must be integrated so that it is clear ''how'' it is different from other conditions. It can be done in prose (such as at [[CT_urography#Further_evaluation_of_suspected_tumors|Evaluation of suspected bladder tumors]] where for example a lack of enhancement indicates hematoma), and/or a table such as this example of how to include [[Angiomyolipoma]] in the article [[CT of renal mass]]:
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Causes of renal mass: CT findings<ref>{{cite web|url=http://radiologyassistant.nl/en/p571eea20ec282/kidney-solid-masses.html|title=Kidney - Solid masses|website={{RA}}|author=Rinze Reinhard, Mandy van der Zon-Conijn and Robin Smithuis|accessdate=2018-05-26}}</ref>
|-
| [[Angiomyolipoma]] || Macroscopic fat
|-
| [[Renal cell cancer]] || No fat
|-
| etc. || etc.
|}

At least the most common causes should be mentioned in such differentials.

If there is no radiologic appearance that distinguishes the condition from one or more other conditions, then another type of distinctive feature needs to be mentioned, such as a specific clinical symptom, or epidemiology including incidence or prevalence. Images of the conditions are sufficient when the difference is visually obvious.<ref group="notes">Without the rule of no lists of causes, such lists in similar wiki projects such as Radiopaedia tend to develop into excessively long lists, which are not useful at all.</ref>

Exemptions to the rule of no lists of causes:
*[[#Modality+Location articles|Modality+location articles]] may contain a "Diseases" or "Objectives" section. [[#Modality+Location articles|See below for requirements.]]
*If the article as a whole clearly conveys unique characteristics for each listed condition.
*The list has a description that radiologists generally do not need to distinguish between the conditions, and why that is the case. Reasons include that the conditions are rare or insignificant so that radiologists generally do not need to screen for them unless specifically asked by the referring clinician.
{{Current focus}}

For most needed articles, see [[Radlines:Contribute]].

==Radlines is made by humans==
Do not import or generate content in large amounts by automatic applications. It is acceptable to copy-paste text from other sources with compatible licensing (see [[Radlines:Copyright]]), but it needs to be properly integrated into the context of existing Radlines material.

It is acceptable to perform automated maintenance tasks, such as making terminology or organization more consistent, but it should be done with care, because an unusual layout or wording may be better for certain conditions.

Radlines uses [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Categories Categories] for scrolling among less common diseases. However, categories are not a replacement for articles that describe, summarize and distinguish related topics.

==Abbreviations==
Computed tomography should be abbreviated as CT, and magnetic resonance imaging should be abbreviated as MRI, since medical doctors can be presumed to be familiar with these.

Similarly, projectional radiography should be termed '''X-ray''' in article titles, but the introduction should include '''projectional radiography ("X-ray")''' to specify the scope, and X-ray should thereafter be used in article prose as well.

==Images==
Use [[Radlines:Upload]] to upload new files.
*See [[Radlines:Copyright]] for information regarding what images you may upload.
*See [[#Cases]] below for case-related guidelines.

[[File:T1-weighted-MRI.png|thumb|150px|Image description.]]
Images can be added in articles by clicking the "Edit" tab at top and then "Insert" and "Media". In source code, images are added to the right in the text by the following code for an example file "File:T1-weighted-MRI.png":<br>
<nowiki>[[File:T1-weighted-MRI.png|thumb|150px|Image description.]]</nowiki>

For more rendering alternatives, see [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Images Mediawiki:Help:Images]

==Links==
;Internal
Add internal links for words that are notable enough in radiology to have their own article, whether or not that article exists yet or not. In source code editing, internal links are created by adding <nowiki>[[</nowiki> and <nowiki>]]</nowiki> around the word or words. The text can be made different than the linked article title by <nowiki>[[title|text]]</nowiki>. For example, <nowiki>[[Reporting|General notes on reporting]]</nowiki> shows as [[Reporting|General notes on reporting]] but links to the article [[Reporting]].

;External
External links, when not used as [[#References|references]], should be kept in a separate section at the end of an article. They should only include open access pages. External links are not a replacement for writing content in Radlines with the same topic.
<br>In source code, external links are added by <nowiki>[URL title]</nowiki>. For example, with the following code: <br><nowiki>*[https://www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/surgery?showPage=diagnosis&bone=Femur&segment=Proximal AO classification of proximal femur fractures]</nowiki><br>The following link is generated:
*[https://www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/surgery?showPage=diagnosis&bone=Femur&segment=Proximal AO classification of proximal femur fractures]

An exception is radiographic positioning, where links to the corresponding article in [http://www.wikiradiography.net/ wikiradiography] can be added in the body of an article. For example, [[Forearm]] may contain the following links:
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+AP Forearm - AP]
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+Lateral Forearm - Lateral]

==General section recommendations==
Suggested headers for different types of articles are given in their sections below. Still, it is not necessary for the creator of an article to start multiple sections right away, but can let it grow with time by collaborative editing.

Radiographic positioning and settings may contain a link to one or more relevant articles in [http://www.wikiradiography.net/ wikiradiography]. For example, [[Forearm]] may contain the following links:
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+AP Forearm - AP]
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+Lateral Forearm - Lateral]

Sections to generally '''avoid''':
*'''Anatomy''' sections should generally not be used, because any relevant anatomy should be integrated into its context in other sections.
*'''Treatment''', unless regularly performed by radiologists themselves. Otherwise, information about treatment is only relevant if being written together with how it affects the way to plan, evaluate or report on the imaging.
*Section headers without content, where section content should be added right away, or the header be removed.

==Modality+Location articles==

Example: [[CT of the thorax]].

===Sections===
*'''Normal anatomy''', preferably including various age groups, such as at [[X-ray of the hand]]
:*'''"Normal" findings in chronic conditions''', which are generally not used in the diagnosis of that condition. This includes expected findings in congenital conditions whose diagnosis is generally made clinically or genetically close to birth, thereby allowing radiologists to determine if a finding is part of their known condition or because of a new disease or disorder.
*'''Basic screening''', which should generally be done regardless of the issue raised by the referral
*'''Diseases and conditions''' or '''Objectives''':
:*For any entry that does not yet have its own article, preferably only list it if you intend to write that article yourself in a near future.
:*Only include entries that are common or meaningful radiologic referral reasons. For example, [[CT of lung nodules]] is listed in [[CT of the thorax]], and not for example "CT of adenocarcinoma" because it is not a CT diagnosis.
:*Initially, conditions may be included in the article if being short, such as [[CT of the thorax#Lymphadenopathy]]. They should, however, preferably be expanded to own articles that are linked from the Modality+Location article as described in the [[#Inter-article structure]] section above.
:*[[#Templates|Templates (see below)]] can be used to include conditions both in the overall location article as well as the Modality+Location articles, such as {{tl|Diseases and conditions associated with CT and MRI of the head}} being included in [[Head]] and [[MRI of the head]] (while [[CT of the head]] has developed a more detailed list).
:As the list becomes larger, with over 5-10 entries, only the most common or otherwise significant ones should remain in the article, and the rest be moved to anatomic sub-regions or be linked from a separate category page.
*'''Techniques''', with subtypes of the topic at hand, such as [[CT of the thorax]] having a section on CT [[angiography]] of the region.
*'''Report''', containing a report on a basic screening in a normal case. It is recommended to also insert the [[#Templates|template]] {{tl|Reporting}} in the section, preferably at the bottom of it but possibly also below the section header. This inserts a link to general notes about reporting. Any example report can be followed by the template {{tl|Public Domain example}} to allow for copying in clinical practice without needing to attribute the article author.

==Modality-unspecific disease or presentation articles==
Examples: [[Urolithiasis]], [[Neck trauma]]

These articles should focus on the planning of the investigation, such as by the following layout:
*'''Planning''', which assumes that there is a referral specifically asking for an investigation of the subject at hand. Recommended subsections include:
:*'''Justification''' of the investigation, such as symptoms raising the suspicion of the condition.
:*'''Choice of modality''', with preferable modalities and their main factors to consider in the choice.
:*'''How soon''' the investigation should be done.

The title should generally not be in plural.

Other aspects of the disease should generally be added at linked modality-specific articles.

Preferably, the section should be written as a template (see [[#Templates]] section below) that can be displayed in the modality-specific articles as well, such as [[Template:Neck trauma - choice of modality]], which is shown both in [[Neck trauma]] and [[CT of the neck in trauma]].

==Modality-specific disease or presentation articles==
Example: [[X-ray of distal radius fracture]]

===Title===
The title should include all the components (such as [[X-ray of distal radius fracture]]) unless the condition is specific for a particular location (such as [[Ultrasonography of appendicitis]]). Adpositions are generally "of", "in" or "for". There is no need for "suspected" or "possible" even for investigations generally used to rule out the disease.

The disease may be either in the plural form (such as in [[X-ray of fractures]]) or singular form (such as in [[X-ray of distal radius fracture]]).

===Sections===
The recommended layout is as follows:
*'''Introduction''', including a definition of the condition, and/or links to parent articles where available. For example, the introduction in the article ''[[X-ray of hip prostheses]]'' can start as ''"For '''[[X-ray of the hip joint]]''' in the presence of a prosthesis..."''.
*'''Planning'''. Possible content includes:
:*'''Choice of modality''', describing when to use available modalities (and not just ''"modalities may include:"'' or similar). This subsection should be written as a template (see [[#Templates]] section below) that can be displayed in modality-unspecific articles as well, such as [[Template:Neck trauma - choice of modality]], which is shown both in [[Neck trauma]] and [[CT of the neck in trauma]]. Include the "Choice of modality" header in the template. Thereby, these templates are editable by clicking the ''edit'' button by that header.
:*'''How soon''' the investigation should be done
:*What '''settings''' or '''sequences''' of for example MRI or CT are recommended
*'''Quality checking''', including signs that the investigation needs to be redone
*'''Analysis''' of '''Findings''', whose structure of subsections should generally be based on appearance, but sometimes on other information that is generally known, such as age of the patient for bone tumors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiologyassistant.nl/en/p494e15cbf0d8d/bone-tumor-systematic-approach-and-differential-diagnosis.html|title=Bone tumor - Systematic approach and Differential diagnosis|author=Henk Jan van der Woude and Robin Smithuis|site={{RA}}|accessdate=2018-05-26}}</ref>
:It is also recommended to link to general screening in CT and MRI for the location at hand, such as [[CT in dementia]] linking to [[CT_of_the_head#Basic_screening|Basic screening of head CT]].
:*'''Further evaluation''', with important concomitant findings when the disease is known, such as staging of cancers.
*'''Report''', preferably including at least one example of a report with typical findings of a disease ([[X-ray of knee prosthesis#Report|Example]]), as well as one report including the most important absences of findings when the disease is important to rule out. It is recommended to also insert the [[#Templates|template]] {{tl|Reporting}} in the section, preferably at the bottom of it but possibly also below the section header. This inserts a link to general notes about reporting. Different levels of comprehensiveness is preferable, such as at [[X-ray of hip prostheses#Report]]. Any example report can be followed by the template {{tl|Public Domain example}} to allow for copying in clinical practice without needing to attribute the article author.

Disease articles can have a short introduction with one or two sentences about pathophysiology, and likewise for symptoms, prognosis and general treatment. Otherwise, these aspects should only be included where relevant in the radiologic differential diagnosis. These aspects are not necessary if the differential diagnosis can be made by visible radiologic findings alone.

==Cases==
Case descriptions should be written entirely in the description page of the uploaded image. Descriptions must include:
*'''Consent note''', for example "Verbal consent"
The following additional data are preferable:
*'''Diagnostic certainty''', from "Possible", "Probable", "Almost certain" to "Certain", or "Not applicable"
*Patient '''age'''
*Patient '''sex'''
*Patient '''history''' and/or '''symptoms'''
*'''Findings''' in the image

===Multiple images===
In cases with 2 or 3 images, it can be done by either:
*Copying the descriptions to each image page.
*Make an article starting as "Case of a ...", and linking to that article in each image page.
*Templating, as described in the [[#Templates]] section below. For this purpose, the steps include:
**Giving the template a title, for example: ''26 year old woman with ectopic pregnancy, description''
**Write the case description on the template page. On the template page, it is also recommended to list all images that belong to the case.
**Press save, and implement the template in each related image.

===Image stacks===
{{Imagestack
|width=250
|title=Title
|align=right
|background=#ffffff
|loop=no
|File:Computed tomography of human brain (16).png|Caption of 1st image
|File:Computed tomography of human brain (15).png|Next image has no caption
|File:Computed tomography of human brain (14).png|
}}

Image stacks such as for CTs and MRIs can be created by choosing "Edit source" and adding for example the following code (resultant stack displayed at right):
{|class="wikitable"
|
<nowiki>{{Imagestack</nowiki>
<br>|width=250
<br>|title=Title
<br>|align=right
<br>|background=#ffffff
<br>|loop=no
<br>|File:Computed tomography of human brain (16).png|Caption of 1st image
<br>|File:Computed tomography of human brain (15).png|Next image has no caption
<br>|File:Computed tomography of human brain (14).png|
<br><nowiki>}}</nowiki>
|}
To make it easier for both yourself and the reader, limit the stack to only the images necessary to demonstrate the conditions at hand.

To move through the images, hover over the image and use scroll wheel, drag the mouse over the image, or click the < or the > above each stack. This functionality should activate when the page is fully loaded, which may take some if there are many images in the stack.

==Interventions==

===Sections===
The recommended layout is as follows:
*'''Planning''' or '''Preparation'''
:*'''Choice of modality'''
:*'''Bleeding''', such as by the template <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Low risk of bleeding|Low risk of bleeding]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>
:*'''Choice''' of material and/or instruments, for example "Transducer choice" for ultrasonographic interventions
:*'''Patient information'''
:*'''Time taken''', which can be given as the time usually allotted to the procedure.
*'''Procedure'''
*'''Report'''

Example: [[Ultrasound-guided hip joint injection]]

==How to create a new article==
You need to create an account and become approved as Editor before being able to create articles. See [[Radlines:About#Participation]]. As an approved Editor, you can create an article as follows:

<div style="align:left; max-width:40em"><inputbox>
type = create
buttonlabel = Create article
placeholder = Enter article title here and click "Create article"
break = no
editintro = Radlines:Article editintro
</inputbox></div>

You also get the alternative to create an article by clicking [[red links]] (terms lacking an article), or by searching for such terms in the search box at top right.

==Templates==
A template has the ability to show the same material in multiple pages, and edits to it show up immediately in all those pages.

===Indications===
{|class="wikitable" align="right"
| This table appears in multiple articles
|-
| {{Diameters of abdominal aorta}}
|}
For example, the template {{tl|Diameters of abdominal aorta}} shows a table of the diameters of the aorta in both of these articles:
*[[CT of abdominal aneurysm]]
*[[Ultrasonography of abdominal aneurysm]]
This avoids contradictions and missed locations when the data needs to be updated.

Templates can be used for data tables, like the example, that are applicable to multiple articles. They can also be used for case descriptions on each related image page as described in the [[#Cases|Cases section]] above.

However, they should not be used for article prose, whose optimal wording often depends on the context of the article.

Common templates include:
*"Choice of modality" sections as described in [[#Modality-specific disease or presentation articles]] above.
*Links to more general information on a topic, such as the {{tl|Reporting}} template which should be added at the end of each such section, or {{tl|X-ray of fractures}} which may be added at the evaluation section of each such article.

===Creation===
<div style="align:left; max-width:40em"><inputbox>
type = create
buttonlabel = Create template
placeholder = Template title
prefix = Template:
break = no
editintro = Radlines:Template editintro
</inputbox></div>

For templates used in articles, preferably make a table box for template content, to show what content belongs to the template, such as <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Low risk of bleeding|Low risk of bleeding]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki> (from top menu, or by placing
:<nowiki>{|class="wikitable"</nowiki>
:<nowiki>|</nowiki>
at the top and
:<nowiki>|}</nowiki>
below template content.

===Implementation===
Write the same title, surrounded by two curly brackets on each side, where the template is needed, such as:<br> <nowiki>{{26 year old woman with ectopic pregnancy, description}}</nowiki>

===Edit===
<div style="align:left; max-width:40em"><inputbox>
type = create
buttonlabel = Edit template
placeholder = Template title
prefix = Template:
break = no
</inputbox></div>
Alternatively, templates can be edited by searching for the template title in the search bar at top, preceded by ''Template:'' but without the curly brackets, such as:<br> ''Template:26 year old woman with ectopic pregnancy, description''

When editing or viewing a template page, the pages where it is used are found at "What links here" in the left menu.

''Technical description of templates in MediaWiki: [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Templates MediaWiki: Help: Templates]

==Variations of English==
Radlines articles may be written in ''American English'' (such as tumor) or ''British English'' (such as tumo'''u'''r). Keep a consistent format within each article; If an article is started in ''American English'', make any additions in ''American English'' as well.

==Talk pages==
Talk pages of each article is found by clicking the "Discussion" tab above. Use the "Edit source" or "Add topic" to make additional entries. Add <code><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code> at the end, which will add your username and timestamp. The "Add a comment" functionality is reserved for readers who do not have Editor permission.

===Introducing new editors===
New editors can be welcomed by adding the following, or similar, on their talk pages (which can be found by entering "User talk:" followed by the username in the search bar):

*Welcome to Radlines! I have received your submitted form, and I have now added you as an editor of Radlines. You will find more information on how to contribute at [[Radlines:Contribute]]. (If the new editor has approved this in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdqCj6TIIx8AuMiWthPWuohwxPoIVz7j0BUAIWQbrq-dT_Kqw/viewform the form]:) I have also added you at [[Radlines:About#Editors]]. You are welcome to add more details about yourself there, as well as at your user page (see [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines#User_page]]). Again, welcome! (Signature)

In source code editing, the above may be added by copy-pasting the following text:
*<code><nowiki>Welcome to Radlines! I have received your submitted form, and I have now added you as an editor of Radlines. You will find more information on how to contribute at [[Radlines:Contribute]]. I have also added you at [[Radlines:About#Editors]]. You are welcome to add more details about yourself there, as well as at your user page (see [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines#User_page]]). Feel free to ask me if you have any further questions. Again, welcome! ~~~~</nowiki></code>

==See also==
*[[Radlines:About]]
*[[Radlines:Copyright]]
{{Bottom}}

Radlines:Editorial guidelines

2019-09-13T09:21:20Z

Mikael Häggström: /* Modality+Location articles */ Wording

{{Nutshell|
*Use [[#References|references]] where available, with in-line citations
*Add your real name at the top if having [[#Authorship|made significant contributions]]
*New articles '''must''' be [[#Inter-article structure|linked from the main page]] in a sequence that a radiologist would be likely to follow.
*[[#No lists of causes|Do not make lists of causes]]. Instead, explain the differences between the causes.
*When importing material, [[#Radlines is made by humans|integrate]] it with existing Radlines material
[[#How_to_create_a_new_article|Create new article]]
}}

==How to edit==
Editors of articles must be doctors of medicine, or have formal expertise in radiology by other means.

See [[Radlines:About#Participation]] on how to become an active article editor.

Generally, be '''bold''', and make changes whenever you think it will improve the site.

One highly beneficial method for editing is to write while performing the task at hand for an actual case, in order to discern what content is most relevant in that situation.

==="Edit" or "Edit source"===
When clicking "Edit", you use an editor ([https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/VisualEditor VisualEditor]) that is "What You See Is What You Get". When you click "Edit source", you edit in wikitext. It is preferable that you'll get used to using wikitext, such as by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikitext Wikipedia help:Wikitext]. Use [[Radlines:Upload]] for file uploads rather than the Insert > Media in VisualEditor (the latter is not tailored to the project, but please leave a message at the discussion page if you have a solution).

===Recommended approach===
Just start editing, taking the style to look similar to any relatively well developed article such as [[X-ray of hip dysplasia]]. If you do not know the tool or wiki code for what you want to do, just do something that makes it look as similar as possible, such as:

*Headers using UPPER CASE LETTERS
*Reference numbering using brackets, such as [1] in the text, and simply drop the PMID, DOI or web address of the source at the bottom (accurate formatting can be fixed later).

==User page==
A user page is the presentation page of that person, and can be found (and then edited) by clicking the username at top right. Recommended (but not mandatory) content of a user page includes:
*Real name
*Education, experience in radiology as well as current position.
*An '''[[Radlines:Upload|upload]]''' of a portrait of the user.
*An external link to another website presenting the user.
The user page is not a personal website, blog, or social networking medium. They should be used to better participate in the community, and not used to excess for unrelated purposes.

==References==

It is acceptable to write from experience if editing under one's real name rather than a username, although material should preferably still be supported by reliable external sources whenever it is likely that such exists for the topic of a sentence or section. Such external sources should, where available, be secondary ones such as textbooks and reviews rather than primary studies.

When editing under one's real name, it is also acceptable to use a hospital as a reference for local practices, as for example in [[X-ray of knee prosthesis#Reporting]].

Use only in-line referencing,<ref group="notes">Never just add a citation at the bottom of the article, even if it reflects all current content, since verification will be extremely difficult following future content additions</ref> using the "Cite" tab in [[#"Edit" or "Edit source"|"Edit" mode]], and <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki></ref></nowiki></code> in [[#"Edit" or "Edit source"|"Edit source" mode]] (see [[Wikipedia:Help:Footnotes#Footnotes:_the_basics|Wikipedia:Footnotes]] for additional help). With a known doi code for the reference, [https://reftag.appspot.com/doiweb.py the {T} DOI reference generator] can quickly generate the full citation. Likewise, [http://sumsearch.org/cite/ the Biomedical citation maker] can be used to generate full citations from PMID or PMCID.

==Geographic origin==
Geographic origin should be specified in the text for guidelines or other information that are expected to vary, including positive and negative predictive values of investigations (which depend on prevalences and incidences in the population). On the other hand, any geographic origin does not need to be stated for more universal knowledge such as sensitivity and specificity of investigations (which are independent on prevalences and incidences), or imaging findings. Geographic origin can be given in prose such as ''"a US practice is to..."'', or in the beginning of a reference, such as:
*'''USA:''' {{cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=Siva P.|last2=Fishman|first2=Elliot K.|title=Bladder Malignancies on CT: The Underrated Role of CT in Diagnosis|journal=American Journal of Roentgenology|volume=203|issue=2|year=2014|pages=347–354|issn=0361-803X|doi=10.2214/AJR.13.12021}}

===Coding===
In wiki code, it is recommended to add references by within <nowiki><ref> and </ref></nowiki> tags, in addition to adding the {{tl|Top}} and {{tl|Bottom}} templates to their respective places. Such <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags can be automatically generated from the doi codes at this site:
*[https://reftag.appspot.com/doiweb.py {T} DOI Wikipedia reference generator]
*Likewise, PMID or PMCID of articles can be used at this site:
*[http://sumsearch.org/cite/ http://sumsearch.org/cite/]
For example, entering 10.1038/438900a at the former page yields the following text:
*<nowiki><ref name="pmid16355180">{{cite journal| author=Giles J| title=Internet encyclopaedias go head to head. | journal=Nature | year= 2005 | volume= 438 | issue= 7070 | pages= 900-1 | pmid=16355180 | doi=10.1038/438900a | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16355180 }} </ref></nowiki>
When inserted in an article, it gives the following at the bottom:
*{{cite journal| author=Giles J| title=Internet encyclopaedias go head to head. | journal=Nature | year= 2005 | volume= 438 | issue= 7070 | pages= 900-1 | pmid=16355180 | doi=10.1038/438900a | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16355180 }}

===Notes===
Notes are added by adding ''group='' to the ref tag, such as:
*<nowiki><ref name="pitch" group="notes">Detailed explanations and references are located in the</nowiki> [[Calcaneal pitch]]<nowiki> article.</ref></nowiki> <br>,as seen in the article [[X-ray of flat feet]]

===Contentious matters===
Dubious or insufficiently referenced texts should be corrected, removed, or marked with inline cleanup tags, such as:
<br>{{Dubious}} - in source code editing, this is added by the addition of <nowiki>{{Dubious}}</nowiki>.
<br>{{Citation needed}} - by <nowiki>{{Citation needed}}</nowiki>.
<br>{{Better source}} - by <nowiki>{{Better source}}</nowiki>.

When sources have conflicting information, the alternatives are:
*Mention the differences (such as in [[Neck#Trauma]]). This is generally recommended when guidelines come from different countries.
*Choose one that is from a more reliable source, or seems more reasonable. In such cases, a note may be made about alternatives (such as in [[Fluoroscopy of central venous catheters#Notes]]).

==Authorship==
To be mentioned among the authors of an article, a user must:
*Use his/her real name in the author list (regardless of username used for editing).
*Have made a significant contribution to the article. There is no strict cutoff to what is significant, so in case of uncertainty it is recommended to make an entry at the [[Radlines:Discussion page|Discussion page]] of the article on the matter. If there is no response after 4 days, it is acceptable to add oneself in the author list after contributing to the article.
Being listed as an author implies a shared responsibility for the content of the article.

The preferable wiki coding for stating authorship of an article is to add the {{tl|Top}} template, such as in the text below, followed by a {{tl|Bottom}} at the bottom of the article.
:<nowiki>{{Top</nowiki>
:<nowiki>|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]</nowiki>
:<nowiki>|author2=</nowiki>
:<nowiki>}}</nowiki>

When at least one author is listed, and edits have been made by additional users (regardless of fulfilling the criteria above), ''et al.'' should be added to the author list, linking to the "View history" page of the article, in order to denote that the listed author(s) is not the only contributor(s).

When a substantial amount of content (with no strict threshold but often corresponding to about a section) is copied or closely paraphrased from a source with a Creative Commons license that includes attribution (such as [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ CC-BY]), the authors of that article should be mentioned at top, such as "Authors of integrated Creative Commons article" followed by a [[#References|reference]] to that article. If only minor portions of such article is integrated, it is enough to mention the authors by a reference at the integrated material.

==Target audience==
The text should be written to be understood by a medical school graduate with corresponding radiology knowledge. It should be '''concise''', so that a radiologist (or graduate training to become a radiologist) at work can quickly find the information of interest. For example, do not state what the reader most definitely already knows, such as ''"the exam can be done for both emergent and non-emergent reasons"''.

It should assumed that the readers do '''not know the names''' for the radiologic findings at hand, '''nor which conditions''' are causing them when trying to find their way through the inter-article structure of Radlines (described in sext section).

Text can be written in imperative format where appropriate, such as "Look at..." or "Avoid...".

The '''ambition''' should be what is acceptable for a general radiologist without sub-specialization to perform. More detailed evaluations should be linked to separate articles, whose title can begin as "Beyond the acceptable for evaluating...".

==Inter-article structure==
Articles in Radlines can be directly found by search engine, either by the internal search box at top, or external ones. In addition, each article subject should be connected with the main page through links in a series of pages, so that a radiologist can find their way to it by the appearance of that condition. For example, [[Angiomyolipoma]] should be found by clicking links in articles in the following sequence:
{|class="wikitable"
| '''Level''' || Main || Location || Location || Modality+Location || Modality+Presentation+Location || Disease
|-
| '''Example''' || [[Main]] || [[Abdomen and pelvis]] || [[Kidneys]] || [[CT of the kidneys]] || [[CT of renal mass]] || [[Angiomyolipoma]]
|}

There may be variations in the level structure, such as additional levels between the ones above, or articles about diseases in specific locations or by a specific modality.

By linking to further information in other articles, each article should be kept short enough to be read conveniently for a radiologist working with the subject at hand. Practically, this allows for somewhat longer articles for non-emergent exams.

===No orphans===
The creator of a new article must link the article back through a likely sequence that a radiologist would find that condition when seeing it. Articles lacking an unbroken connection to the main page should be tagged with {{Template|Orphan}}, and should be either connected to a sequence or deleted (if the author has been notified of this intention but hasn't made amendments in over two weeks).

Structuring into these levels require more extensive work for more systemic diseases. [[Arthritis]], for example, must be included in articles of multiple joints. It is the responsibility of the creator of such a disease article to add it to all locations where it is well known to be relevant. It may therefore be more simple to start with for example [[X-ray of arthritis of the hand]], which only needs linking from [[X-ray of the hand]].

An author wanting to upload a case must therefore make sure that there is at least a short article about the condition in general, for example a general article about [[angiomyolipoma]] (or CT or other specified modality of angiomyolipoma) when wanting to upload images of an unusual presentation of it.

===Forking===
Forking means to make one or more sub-articles from contents of a longer article. This should be done when the resultant structure better conforms to the inter-article structure above, and also when an article exceeds 15-20 images. The parent article should link to the fork by the following note at the top of the section:
{{Main|Fork title}}
This can be generated by the template [[Template:Main|<nowiki>{{Main|Fork title}}</nowiki>]]. The section of the parent article should also contain a short summary of the most relevant aspects of the topic. As an example, see:
*[[Ultrasonography of the scrotum#Intratesticular tumors]]

==No plain lists of causes==
[[File:No lists of causes.png|thumb|180px]]
[[File:Causes of hip pain.jpg|thumb|Potential causes seen on [[X-ray of hip pain]].]]
When linking to a condition from the previous level in the sequence, it must not be done by including it in a plain list of causes. Rather, it must be integrated so that it is clear ''how'' it is different from other conditions. It can be done in prose (such as at [[CT_urography#Further_evaluation_of_suspected_tumors|Evaluation of suspected bladder tumors]] where for example a lack of enhancement indicates hematoma), and/or a table such as this example of how to include [[Angiomyolipoma]] in the article [[CT of renal mass]]:
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Causes of renal mass: CT findings<ref>{{cite web|url=http://radiologyassistant.nl/en/p571eea20ec282/kidney-solid-masses.html|title=Kidney - Solid masses|website={{RA}}|author=Rinze Reinhard, Mandy van der Zon-Conijn and Robin Smithuis|accessdate=2018-05-26}}</ref>
|-
| [[Angiomyolipoma]] || Macroscopic fat
|-
| [[Renal cell cancer]] || No fat
|-
| etc. || etc.
|}

At least the most common causes should be mentioned in such differentials.

If there is no radiologic appearance that distinguishes the condition from one or more other conditions, then another type of distinctive feature needs to be mentioned, such as a specific clinical symptom, or epidemiology including incidence or prevalence. Images of the conditions are sufficient when the difference is visually obvious.<ref group="notes">Without the rule of no lists of causes, such lists in similar wiki projects such as Radiopaedia tend to develop into excessively long lists, which are not useful at all.</ref>

Exemptions to the rule of no lists of causes:
*[[#Modality+Location articles|Modality+location articles]] may contain a "Diseases" or "Objectives" section. [[#Modality+Location articles|See below for requirements.]]
*If the article as a whole clearly conveys unique characteristics for each listed condition.
*The list has a description that radiologists generally do not need to distinguish between the conditions, and why that is the case. Reasons include that the conditions are rare or insignificant so that radiologists generally do not need to screen for them unless specifically asked by the referring clinician.
{{Current focus}}

For most needed articles, see [[Radlines:Contribute]].

==Radlines is made by humans==
Do not import or generate content in large amounts by automatic applications. It is acceptable to copy-paste text from other sources with compatible licensing (see [[Radlines:Copyright]]), but it needs to be properly integrated into the context of existing Radlines material.

It is acceptable to perform automated maintenance tasks, such as making terminology or organization more consistent, but it should be done with care, because an unusual layout or wording may be better for certain conditions.

Radlines uses [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Categories Categories] for scrolling among less common diseases. However, categories are not a replacement for articles that describe, summarize and distinguish related topics.

==Abbreviations==
Computed tomography should be abbreviated as CT, and magnetic resonance imaging should be abbreviated as MRI, since medical doctors can be presumed to be familiar with these.

Similarly, projectional radiography should be termed '''X-ray''' in article titles, but the introduction should include '''projectional radiography ("X-ray")''' to specify the scope, and X-ray should thereafter be used in article prose as well.

==Images==
Use [[Radlines:Upload]] to upload new files.
*See [[Radlines:Copyright]] for information regarding what images you may upload.
*See [[#Cases]] below for case-related guidelines.

[[File:T1-weighted-MRI.png|thumb|150px|Image description.]]
Images can be added in articles by clicking the "Edit" tab at top and then "Insert" and "Media". In source code, images are added to the right in the text by the following code for an example file "File:T1-weighted-MRI.png":<br>
<nowiki>[[File:T1-weighted-MRI.png|thumb|150px|Image description.]]</nowiki>

For more rendering alternatives, see [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Images Mediawiki:Help:Images]

==Links==
;Internal
Add internal links for words that are notable enough in radiology to have their own article, whether or not that article exists yet or not. In source code editing, internal links are created by adding <nowiki>[[</nowiki> and <nowiki>]]</nowiki> around the word or words. The text can be made different than the linked article title by <nowiki>[[title|text]]</nowiki>. For example, <nowiki>[[Reporting|General notes on reporting]]</nowiki> shows as [[Reporting|General notes on reporting]] but links to the article [[Reporting]].

;External
External links, when not used as [[#References|references]], should be kept in a separate section at the end of an article. They should only include open access pages. External links are not a replacement for writing content in Radlines with the same topic.
<br>In source code, external links are added by <nowiki>[URL title]</nowiki>. For example, with the following code: <br><nowiki>*[https://www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/surgery?showPage=diagnosis&bone=Femur&segment=Proximal AO classification of proximal femur fractures]</nowiki><br>The following link is generated:
*[https://www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/surgery?showPage=diagnosis&bone=Femur&segment=Proximal AO classification of proximal femur fractures]

An exception is radiographic positioning, where links to the corresponding article in [http://www.wikiradiography.net/ wikiradiography] can be added in the body of an article. For example, [[Forearm]] may contain the following links:
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+AP Forearm - AP]
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+Lateral Forearm - Lateral]

==General section recommendations==
Suggested headers for different types of articles are given in their sections below. Still, it is not necessary for the creator of an article to start multiple sections right away, but can let it grow with time by collaborative editing.

Radiographic positioning and settings may contain a link to one or more relevant articles in [http://www.wikiradiography.net/ wikiradiography]. For example, [[Forearm]] may contain the following links:
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+AP Forearm - AP]
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+Lateral Forearm - Lateral]

Sections to generally '''avoid''':
*'''Anatomy''' sections should generally not be used, because any relevant anatomy should be integrated into its context in other sections.
*'''Treatment''', unless regularly performed by radiologists themselves. Otherwise, information about treatment is only relevant if being written together with how it affects the way to plan, evaluate or report on the imaging.
*Section headers without content, where section content should be added right away, or the header be removed.

==Modality+Location articles==

Example: [[CT of the thorax]].

===Sections===
*'''Normal anatomy''', preferably including various age groups, such as at [[X-ray of the hand]]
:*'''"Normal" findings in chronic conditions''', which are generally not used in the diagnosis of that condition. This includes expected findings in congenital conditions whose diagnosis is generally made clinically or genetically close to birth, thereby allowing radiologists to determine if a finding is part of their known condition or because of a new disease or disorder.
*'''Basic screening''', which should generally be done regardless of the issue raised by the referral
*'''Diseases and conditions''' or '''Objectives''':
:*For any entry that does not yet have its own article, preferably only list it if you intend to write that article yourself in a near future.
:*Only include entries that are common or meaningful radiologic referral reasons. For example, [[CT of lung nodules]] is listed in [[CT of the thorax]], and not for example "CT of adenocarcinoma" because it is not a CT diagnosis.
:*Initially, conditions may be included in the article if being short, such as [[CT of the thorax#Lymphadenopathy]]. They should, however, preferably be expanded to own articles that are linked from the Modality+Location article as described in the [[#Inter-article structure]] section above.
:*[[#Templates|Templates (see below)]] can be used to include conditions both in the overall location article as well as the Modality+Location articles, such as {{tl|Diseases and conditions associated with CT and MRI of the head}} being included in [[Head]] and [[MRI of the head]] (while [[CT of the head]] has developed a more detailed list).
:As the list becomes larger, with over 5-10 entries, only the most common or otherwise significant ones should remain in the article, and the rest be moved to anatomic sub-regions or be linked from a separate category page.
*'''Techniques''', with subtypes of the topic at hand, such as [[CT of the thorax]] having a section on CT [[angiography]] of the region.
*'''Report''', containing a report on a basic screening in a normal case. It is recommended to also insert the [[#Templates|template]] {{tl|Reporting}} in the section, preferably at the bottom of it but possibly also below the section header. This inserts a link to general notes about reporting. Any example report can be followed by the template {{tl|Public Domain example}} to allow for copying in clinical practice without needing to attribute the article author.

==Modality-unspecific disease or presentation articles==
Examples: [[Urolithiasis]], [[Neck trauma]]

These articles should focus on the planning of the investigation, such as by the following layout:
*'''Planning''', which assumes that there is a referral specifically asking for an investigation of the subject at hand. Recommended subsections include:
:*'''Justification''' of the investigation, such as symptoms raising the suspicion of the condition.
:*'''Choice of modality''', with preferable modalities and their main factors to consider in the choice.
:*'''How soon''' the investigation should be done.

The title should generally not be in plural.

Other aspects of the disease should generally be added at linked modality-specific articles.

Preferably, the section should be written as a template (see [[#Templates]] section below) that can be displayed in the modality-specific articles as well, such as [[Template:Neck trauma - choice of modality]], which is shown both in [[Neck trauma]] and [[CT of the neck in trauma]].

==Modality-specific disease or presentation articles==
Example: [[X-ray of distal radius fracture]]

===Title===
The title should include all the components (such as [[X-ray of distal radius fracture]]) unless the condition is specific for a particular location (such as [[Ultrasonography of appendicitis]]). Adpositions are generally "of", "in" or "for". There is no need for "suspected" or "possible" even for investigations generally used to rule out the disease.

The disease may be either in the plural form (such as in [[X-ray of fractures]]) or singular form (such as in [[X-ray of distal radius fracture]]).

===Sections===
The recommended layout is as follows:
*'''Introduction''', including a definition of the condition, and/or links to parent articles where available. For example, the introduction in the article ''[[X-ray of hip prostheses]]'' can start as ''"For '''[[X-ray of the hip joint]]''' in the presence of a prosthesis..."''.
*'''Planning'''. Possible content includes:
:*'''Choice of modality''', describing when to use available modalities (and not just ''"modalities may include:"'' or similar). This subsection should be written as a template (see [[#Templates]] section below) that can be displayed in modality-unspecific articles as well, such as [[Template:Neck trauma - choice of modality]], which is shown both in [[Neck trauma]] and [[CT of the neck in trauma]]. Include the "Choice of modality" header in the template. Thereby, these templates are editable by clicking the ''edit'' button by that header.
:*'''How soon''' the investigation should be done
:*What '''settings''' or '''sequences''' of for example MRI or CT are recommended
*'''Quality checking''', including signs that the investigation needs to be redone
*'''Analysis''' of '''Findings''', whose structure of subsections should generally be based on appearance, but sometimes on other information that is generally known, such as age of the patient for bone tumors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiologyassistant.nl/en/p494e15cbf0d8d/bone-tumor-systematic-approach-and-differential-diagnosis.html|title=Bone tumor - Systematic approach and Differential diagnosis|author=Henk Jan van der Woude and Robin Smithuis|site={{RA}}|accessdate=2018-05-26}}</ref>
:It is also recommended to link to general screening in CT and MRI for the location at hand, such as [[CT in dementia]] linking to [[CT_of_the_head#Basic_screening|Basic screening of head CT]].
:*'''Further evaluation''', with important concomitant findings when the disease is known, such as staging of cancers.
*'''Report''', preferably including at least one example of a report with typical findings of a disease ([[X-ray of knee prosthesis#Report|Example]]), as well as one report including the most important absences of findings when the disease is important to rule out. It is recommended to also insert the [[#Templates|template]] {{tl|Reporting}} in the section, preferably at the bottom of it but possibly also below the section header. This inserts a link to general notes about reporting. Different levels of comprehensiveness is preferable, such as at [[X-ray of hip prostheses#Report]].

Disease articles can have a short introduction with one or two sentences about pathophysiology, and likewise for symptoms, prognosis and general treatment. Otherwise, these aspects should only be included where relevant in the radiologic differential diagnosis. These aspects are not necessary if the differential diagnosis can be made by visible radiologic findings alone.

==Cases==
Case descriptions should be written entirely in the description page of the uploaded image. Descriptions must include:
*'''Consent note''', for example "Verbal consent"
The following additional data are preferable:
*'''Diagnostic certainty''', from "Possible", "Probable", "Almost certain" to "Certain", or "Not applicable"
*Patient '''age'''
*Patient '''sex'''
*Patient '''history''' and/or '''symptoms'''
*'''Findings''' in the image

===Multiple images===
In cases with 2 or 3 images, it can be done by either:
*Copying the descriptions to each image page.
*Make an article starting as "Case of a ...", and linking to that article in each image page.
*Templating, as described in the [[#Templates]] section below. For this purpose, the steps include:
**Giving the template a title, for example: ''26 year old woman with ectopic pregnancy, description''
**Write the case description on the template page. On the template page, it is also recommended to list all images that belong to the case.
**Press save, and implement the template in each related image.

===Image stacks===
{{Imagestack
|width=250
|title=Title
|align=right
|background=#ffffff
|loop=no
|File:Computed tomography of human brain (16).png|Caption of 1st image
|File:Computed tomography of human brain (15).png|Next image has no caption
|File:Computed tomography of human brain (14).png|
}}

Image stacks such as for CTs and MRIs can be created by choosing "Edit source" and adding for example the following code (resultant stack displayed at right):
{|class="wikitable"
|
<nowiki>{{Imagestack</nowiki>
<br>|width=250
<br>|title=Title
<br>|align=right
<br>|background=#ffffff
<br>|loop=no
<br>|File:Computed tomography of human brain (16).png|Caption of 1st image
<br>|File:Computed tomography of human brain (15).png|Next image has no caption
<br>|File:Computed tomography of human brain (14).png|
<br><nowiki>}}</nowiki>
|}
To make it easier for both yourself and the reader, limit the stack to only the images necessary to demonstrate the conditions at hand.

To move through the images, hover over the image and use scroll wheel, drag the mouse over the image, or click the < or the > above each stack. This functionality should activate when the page is fully loaded, which may take some if there are many images in the stack.

==Interventions==

===Sections===
The recommended layout is as follows:
*'''Planning''' or '''Preparation'''
:*'''Choice of modality'''
:*'''Bleeding''', such as by the template <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Low risk of bleeding|Low risk of bleeding]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>
:*'''Choice''' of material and/or instruments, for example "Transducer choice" for ultrasonographic interventions
:*'''Patient information'''
:*'''Time taken''', which can be given as the time usually allotted to the procedure.
*'''Procedure'''
*'''Report'''

Example: [[Ultrasound-guided hip joint injection]]

==How to create a new article==
You need to create an account and become approved as Editor before being able to create articles. See [[Radlines:About#Participation]]. As an approved Editor, you can create an article as follows:

<div style="align:left; max-width:40em"><inputbox>
type = create
buttonlabel = Create article
placeholder = Enter article title here and click "Create article"
break = no
editintro = Radlines:Article editintro
</inputbox></div>

You also get the alternative to create an article by clicking [[red links]] (terms lacking an article), or by searching for such terms in the search box at top right.

==Templates==
A template has the ability to show the same material in multiple pages, and edits to it show up immediately in all those pages.

===Indications===
{|class="wikitable" align="right"
| This table appears in multiple articles
|-
| {{Diameters of abdominal aorta}}
|}
For example, the template {{tl|Diameters of abdominal aorta}} shows a table of the diameters of the aorta in both of these articles:
*[[CT of abdominal aneurysm]]
*[[Ultrasonography of abdominal aneurysm]]
This avoids contradictions and missed locations when the data needs to be updated.

Templates can be used for data tables, like the example, that are applicable to multiple articles. They can also be used for case descriptions on each related image page as described in the [[#Cases|Cases section]] above.

However, they should not be used for article prose, whose optimal wording often depends on the context of the article.

Common templates include:
*"Choice of modality" sections as described in [[#Modality-specific disease or presentation articles]] above.
*Links to more general information on a topic, such as the {{tl|Reporting}} template which should be added at the end of each such section, or {{tl|X-ray of fractures}} which may be added at the evaluation section of each such article.

===Creation===
<div style="align:left; max-width:40em"><inputbox>
type = create
buttonlabel = Create template
placeholder = Template title
prefix = Template:
break = no
editintro = Radlines:Template editintro
</inputbox></div>

For templates used in articles, preferably make a table box for template content, to show what content belongs to the template, such as <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Low risk of bleeding|Low risk of bleeding]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki> (from top menu, or by placing
:<nowiki>{|class="wikitable"</nowiki>
:<nowiki>|</nowiki>
at the top and
:<nowiki>|}</nowiki>
below template content.

===Implementation===
Write the same title, surrounded by two curly brackets on each side, where the template is needed, such as:<br> <nowiki>{{26 year old woman with ectopic pregnancy, description}}</nowiki>

===Edit===
<div style="align:left; max-width:40em"><inputbox>
type = create
buttonlabel = Edit template
placeholder = Template title
prefix = Template:
break = no
</inputbox></div>
Alternatively, templates can be edited by searching for the template title in the search bar at top, preceded by ''Template:'' but without the curly brackets, such as:<br> ''Template:26 year old woman with ectopic pregnancy, description''

When editing or viewing a template page, the pages where it is used are found at "What links here" in the left menu.

''Technical description of templates in MediaWiki: [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Templates MediaWiki: Help: Templates]

==Variations of English==
Radlines articles may be written in ''American English'' (such as tumor) or ''British English'' (such as tumo'''u'''r). Keep a consistent format within each article; If an article is started in ''American English'', make any additions in ''American English'' as well.

==Talk pages==
Talk pages of each article is found by clicking the "Discussion" tab above. Use the "Edit source" or "Add topic" to make additional entries. Add <code><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code> at the end, which will add your username and timestamp. The "Add a comment" functionality is reserved for readers who do not have Editor permission.

===Introducing new editors===
New editors can be welcomed by adding the following, or similar, on their talk pages (which can be found by entering "User talk:" followed by the username in the search bar):

*Welcome to Radlines! I have received your submitted form, and I have now added you as an editor of Radlines. You will find more information on how to contribute at [[Radlines:Contribute]]. (If the new editor has approved this in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdqCj6TIIx8AuMiWthPWuohwxPoIVz7j0BUAIWQbrq-dT_Kqw/viewform the form]:) I have also added you at [[Radlines:About#Editors]]. You are welcome to add more details about yourself there, as well as at your user page (see [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines#User_page]]). Again, welcome! (Signature)

In source code editing, the above may be added by copy-pasting the following text:
*<code><nowiki>Welcome to Radlines! I have received your submitted form, and I have now added you as an editor of Radlines. You will find more information on how to contribute at [[Radlines:Contribute]]. I have also added you at [[Radlines:About#Editors]]. You are welcome to add more details about yourself there, as well as at your user page (see [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines#User_page]]). Feel free to ask me if you have any further questions. Again, welcome! ~~~~</nowiki></code>

==See also==
*[[Radlines:About]]
*[[Radlines:Copyright]]
{{Bottom}}

Radlines:Editorial guidelines

2019-09-13T09:18:37Z

Mikael Häggström: /* Sections */ Template

{{Nutshell|
*Use [[#References|references]] where available, with in-line citations
*Add your real name at the top if having [[#Authorship|made significant contributions]]
*New articles '''must''' be [[#Inter-article structure|linked from the main page]] in a sequence that a radiologist would be likely to follow.
*[[#No lists of causes|Do not make lists of causes]]. Instead, explain the differences between the causes.
*When importing material, [[#Radlines is made by humans|integrate]] it with existing Radlines material
[[#How_to_create_a_new_article|Create new article]]
}}

==How to edit==
Editors of articles must be doctors of medicine, or have formal expertise in radiology by other means.

See [[Radlines:About#Participation]] on how to become an active article editor.

Generally, be '''bold''', and make changes whenever you think it will improve the site.

One highly beneficial method for editing is to write while performing the task at hand for an actual case, in order to discern what content is most relevant in that situation.

==="Edit" or "Edit source"===
When clicking "Edit", you use an editor ([https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/VisualEditor VisualEditor]) that is "What You See Is What You Get". When you click "Edit source", you edit in wikitext. It is preferable that you'll get used to using wikitext, such as by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikitext Wikipedia help:Wikitext]. Use [[Radlines:Upload]] for file uploads rather than the Insert > Media in VisualEditor (the latter is not tailored to the project, but please leave a message at the discussion page if you have a solution).

===Recommended approach===
Just start editing, taking the style to look similar to any relatively well developed article such as [[X-ray of hip dysplasia]]. If you do not know the tool or wiki code for what you want to do, just do something that makes it look as similar as possible, such as:

*Headers using UPPER CASE LETTERS
*Reference numbering using brackets, such as [1] in the text, and simply drop the PMID, DOI or web address of the source at the bottom (accurate formatting can be fixed later).

==User page==
A user page is the presentation page of that person, and can be found (and then edited) by clicking the username at top right. Recommended (but not mandatory) content of a user page includes:
*Real name
*Education, experience in radiology as well as current position.
*An '''[[Radlines:Upload|upload]]''' of a portrait of the user.
*An external link to another website presenting the user.
The user page is not a personal website, blog, or social networking medium. They should be used to better participate in the community, and not used to excess for unrelated purposes.

==References==

It is acceptable to write from experience if editing under one's real name rather than a username, although material should preferably still be supported by reliable external sources whenever it is likely that such exists for the topic of a sentence or section. Such external sources should, where available, be secondary ones such as textbooks and reviews rather than primary studies.

When editing under one's real name, it is also acceptable to use a hospital as a reference for local practices, as for example in [[X-ray of knee prosthesis#Reporting]].

Use only in-line referencing,<ref group="notes">Never just add a citation at the bottom of the article, even if it reflects all current content, since verification will be extremely difficult following future content additions</ref> using the "Cite" tab in [[#"Edit" or "Edit source"|"Edit" mode]], and <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki></ref></nowiki></code> in [[#"Edit" or "Edit source"|"Edit source" mode]] (see [[Wikipedia:Help:Footnotes#Footnotes:_the_basics|Wikipedia:Footnotes]] for additional help). With a known doi code for the reference, [https://reftag.appspot.com/doiweb.py the {T} DOI reference generator] can quickly generate the full citation. Likewise, [http://sumsearch.org/cite/ the Biomedical citation maker] can be used to generate full citations from PMID or PMCID.

==Geographic origin==
Geographic origin should be specified in the text for guidelines or other information that are expected to vary, including positive and negative predictive values of investigations (which depend on prevalences and incidences in the population). On the other hand, any geographic origin does not need to be stated for more universal knowledge such as sensitivity and specificity of investigations (which are independent on prevalences and incidences), or imaging findings. Geographic origin can be given in prose such as ''"a US practice is to..."'', or in the beginning of a reference, such as:
*'''USA:''' {{cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=Siva P.|last2=Fishman|first2=Elliot K.|title=Bladder Malignancies on CT: The Underrated Role of CT in Diagnosis|journal=American Journal of Roentgenology|volume=203|issue=2|year=2014|pages=347–354|issn=0361-803X|doi=10.2214/AJR.13.12021}}

===Coding===
In wiki code, it is recommended to add references by within <nowiki><ref> and </ref></nowiki> tags, in addition to adding the {{tl|Top}} and {{tl|Bottom}} templates to their respective places. Such <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags can be automatically generated from the doi codes at this site:
*[https://reftag.appspot.com/doiweb.py {T} DOI Wikipedia reference generator]
*Likewise, PMID or PMCID of articles can be used at this site:
*[http://sumsearch.org/cite/ http://sumsearch.org/cite/]
For example, entering 10.1038/438900a at the former page yields the following text:
*<nowiki><ref name="pmid16355180">{{cite journal| author=Giles J| title=Internet encyclopaedias go head to head. | journal=Nature | year= 2005 | volume= 438 | issue= 7070 | pages= 900-1 | pmid=16355180 | doi=10.1038/438900a | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16355180 }} </ref></nowiki>
When inserted in an article, it gives the following at the bottom:
*{{cite journal| author=Giles J| title=Internet encyclopaedias go head to head. | journal=Nature | year= 2005 | volume= 438 | issue= 7070 | pages= 900-1 | pmid=16355180 | doi=10.1038/438900a | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16355180 }}

===Notes===
Notes are added by adding ''group='' to the ref tag, such as:
*<nowiki><ref name="pitch" group="notes">Detailed explanations and references are located in the</nowiki> [[Calcaneal pitch]]<nowiki> article.</ref></nowiki> <br>,as seen in the article [[X-ray of flat feet]]

===Contentious matters===
Dubious or insufficiently referenced texts should be corrected, removed, or marked with inline cleanup tags, such as:
<br>{{Dubious}} - in source code editing, this is added by the addition of <nowiki>{{Dubious}}</nowiki>.
<br>{{Citation needed}} - by <nowiki>{{Citation needed}}</nowiki>.
<br>{{Better source}} - by <nowiki>{{Better source}}</nowiki>.

When sources have conflicting information, the alternatives are:
*Mention the differences (such as in [[Neck#Trauma]]). This is generally recommended when guidelines come from different countries.
*Choose one that is from a more reliable source, or seems more reasonable. In such cases, a note may be made about alternatives (such as in [[Fluoroscopy of central venous catheters#Notes]]).

==Authorship==
To be mentioned among the authors of an article, a user must:
*Use his/her real name in the author list (regardless of username used for editing).
*Have made a significant contribution to the article. There is no strict cutoff to what is significant, so in case of uncertainty it is recommended to make an entry at the [[Radlines:Discussion page|Discussion page]] of the article on the matter. If there is no response after 4 days, it is acceptable to add oneself in the author list after contributing to the article.
Being listed as an author implies a shared responsibility for the content of the article.

The preferable wiki coding for stating authorship of an article is to add the {{tl|Top}} template, such as in the text below, followed by a {{tl|Bottom}} at the bottom of the article.
:<nowiki>{{Top</nowiki>
:<nowiki>|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]</nowiki>
:<nowiki>|author2=</nowiki>
:<nowiki>}}</nowiki>

When at least one author is listed, and edits have been made by additional users (regardless of fulfilling the criteria above), ''et al.'' should be added to the author list, linking to the "View history" page of the article, in order to denote that the listed author(s) is not the only contributor(s).

When a substantial amount of content (with no strict threshold but often corresponding to about a section) is copied or closely paraphrased from a source with a Creative Commons license that includes attribution (such as [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ CC-BY]), the authors of that article should be mentioned at top, such as "Authors of integrated Creative Commons article" followed by a [[#References|reference]] to that article. If only minor portions of such article is integrated, it is enough to mention the authors by a reference at the integrated material.

==Target audience==
The text should be written to be understood by a medical school graduate with corresponding radiology knowledge. It should be '''concise''', so that a radiologist (or graduate training to become a radiologist) at work can quickly find the information of interest. For example, do not state what the reader most definitely already knows, such as ''"the exam can be done for both emergent and non-emergent reasons"''.

It should assumed that the readers do '''not know the names''' for the radiologic findings at hand, '''nor which conditions''' are causing them when trying to find their way through the inter-article structure of Radlines (described in sext section).

Text can be written in imperative format where appropriate, such as "Look at..." or "Avoid...".

The '''ambition''' should be what is acceptable for a general radiologist without sub-specialization to perform. More detailed evaluations should be linked to separate articles, whose title can begin as "Beyond the acceptable for evaluating...".

==Inter-article structure==
Articles in Radlines can be directly found by search engine, either by the internal search box at top, or external ones. In addition, each article subject should be connected with the main page through links in a series of pages, so that a radiologist can find their way to it by the appearance of that condition. For example, [[Angiomyolipoma]] should be found by clicking links in articles in the following sequence:
{|class="wikitable"
| '''Level''' || Main || Location || Location || Modality+Location || Modality+Presentation+Location || Disease
|-
| '''Example''' || [[Main]] || [[Abdomen and pelvis]] || [[Kidneys]] || [[CT of the kidneys]] || [[CT of renal mass]] || [[Angiomyolipoma]]
|}

There may be variations in the level structure, such as additional levels between the ones above, or articles about diseases in specific locations or by a specific modality.

By linking to further information in other articles, each article should be kept short enough to be read conveniently for a radiologist working with the subject at hand. Practically, this allows for somewhat longer articles for non-emergent exams.

===No orphans===
The creator of a new article must link the article back through a likely sequence that a radiologist would find that condition when seeing it. Articles lacking an unbroken connection to the main page should be tagged with {{Template|Orphan}}, and should be either connected to a sequence or deleted (if the author has been notified of this intention but hasn't made amendments in over two weeks).

Structuring into these levels require more extensive work for more systemic diseases. [[Arthritis]], for example, must be included in articles of multiple joints. It is the responsibility of the creator of such a disease article to add it to all locations where it is well known to be relevant. It may therefore be more simple to start with for example [[X-ray of arthritis of the hand]], which only needs linking from [[X-ray of the hand]].

An author wanting to upload a case must therefore make sure that there is at least a short article about the condition in general, for example a general article about [[angiomyolipoma]] (or CT or other specified modality of angiomyolipoma) when wanting to upload images of an unusual presentation of it.

===Forking===
Forking means to make one or more sub-articles from contents of a longer article. This should be done when the resultant structure better conforms to the inter-article structure above, and also when an article exceeds 15-20 images. The parent article should link to the fork by the following note at the top of the section:
{{Main|Fork title}}
This can be generated by the template [[Template:Main|<nowiki>{{Main|Fork title}}</nowiki>]]. The section of the parent article should also contain a short summary of the most relevant aspects of the topic. As an example, see:
*[[Ultrasonography of the scrotum#Intratesticular tumors]]

==No plain lists of causes==
[[File:No lists of causes.png|thumb|180px]]
[[File:Causes of hip pain.jpg|thumb|Potential causes seen on [[X-ray of hip pain]].]]
When linking to a condition from the previous level in the sequence, it must not be done by including it in a plain list of causes. Rather, it must be integrated so that it is clear ''how'' it is different from other conditions. It can be done in prose (such as at [[CT_urography#Further_evaluation_of_suspected_tumors|Evaluation of suspected bladder tumors]] where for example a lack of enhancement indicates hematoma), and/or a table such as this example of how to include [[Angiomyolipoma]] in the article [[CT of renal mass]]:
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Causes of renal mass: CT findings<ref>{{cite web|url=http://radiologyassistant.nl/en/p571eea20ec282/kidney-solid-masses.html|title=Kidney - Solid masses|website={{RA}}|author=Rinze Reinhard, Mandy van der Zon-Conijn and Robin Smithuis|accessdate=2018-05-26}}</ref>
|-
| [[Angiomyolipoma]] || Macroscopic fat
|-
| [[Renal cell cancer]] || No fat
|-
| etc. || etc.
|}

At least the most common causes should be mentioned in such differentials.

If there is no radiologic appearance that distinguishes the condition from one or more other conditions, then another type of distinctive feature needs to be mentioned, such as a specific clinical symptom, or epidemiology including incidence or prevalence. Images of the conditions are sufficient when the difference is visually obvious.<ref group="notes">Without the rule of no lists of causes, such lists in similar wiki projects such as Radiopaedia tend to develop into excessively long lists, which are not useful at all.</ref>

Exemptions to the rule of no lists of causes:
*[[#Modality+Location articles|Modality+location articles]] may contain a "Diseases" or "Objectives" section. [[#Modality+Location articles|See below for requirements.]]
*If the article as a whole clearly conveys unique characteristics for each listed condition.
*The list has a description that radiologists generally do not need to distinguish between the conditions, and why that is the case. Reasons include that the conditions are rare or insignificant so that radiologists generally do not need to screen for them unless specifically asked by the referring clinician.
{{Current focus}}

For most needed articles, see [[Radlines:Contribute]].

==Radlines is made by humans==
Do not import or generate content in large amounts by automatic applications. It is acceptable to copy-paste text from other sources with compatible licensing (see [[Radlines:Copyright]]), but it needs to be properly integrated into the context of existing Radlines material.

It is acceptable to perform automated maintenance tasks, such as making terminology or organization more consistent, but it should be done with care, because an unusual layout or wording may be better for certain conditions.

Radlines uses [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Categories Categories] for scrolling among less common diseases. However, categories are not a replacement for articles that describe, summarize and distinguish related topics.

==Abbreviations==
Computed tomography should be abbreviated as CT, and magnetic resonance imaging should be abbreviated as MRI, since medical doctors can be presumed to be familiar with these.

Similarly, projectional radiography should be termed '''X-ray''' in article titles, but the introduction should include '''projectional radiography ("X-ray")''' to specify the scope, and X-ray should thereafter be used in article prose as well.

==Images==
Use [[Radlines:Upload]] to upload new files.
*See [[Radlines:Copyright]] for information regarding what images you may upload.
*See [[#Cases]] below for case-related guidelines.

[[File:T1-weighted-MRI.png|thumb|150px|Image description.]]
Images can be added in articles by clicking the "Edit" tab at top and then "Insert" and "Media". In source code, images are added to the right in the text by the following code for an example file "File:T1-weighted-MRI.png":<br>
<nowiki>[[File:T1-weighted-MRI.png|thumb|150px|Image description.]]</nowiki>

For more rendering alternatives, see [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Images Mediawiki:Help:Images]

==Links==
;Internal
Add internal links for words that are notable enough in radiology to have their own article, whether or not that article exists yet or not. In source code editing, internal links are created by adding <nowiki>[[</nowiki> and <nowiki>]]</nowiki> around the word or words. The text can be made different than the linked article title by <nowiki>[[title|text]]</nowiki>. For example, <nowiki>[[Reporting|General notes on reporting]]</nowiki> shows as [[Reporting|General notes on reporting]] but links to the article [[Reporting]].

;External
External links, when not used as [[#References|references]], should be kept in a separate section at the end of an article. They should only include open access pages. External links are not a replacement for writing content in Radlines with the same topic.
<br>In source code, external links are added by <nowiki>[URL title]</nowiki>. For example, with the following code: <br><nowiki>*[https://www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/surgery?showPage=diagnosis&bone=Femur&segment=Proximal AO classification of proximal femur fractures]</nowiki><br>The following link is generated:
*[https://www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/surgery?showPage=diagnosis&bone=Femur&segment=Proximal AO classification of proximal femur fractures]

An exception is radiographic positioning, where links to the corresponding article in [http://www.wikiradiography.net/ wikiradiography] can be added in the body of an article. For example, [[Forearm]] may contain the following links:
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+AP Forearm - AP]
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+Lateral Forearm - Lateral]

==General section recommendations==
Suggested headers for different types of articles are given in their sections below. Still, it is not necessary for the creator of an article to start multiple sections right away, but can let it grow with time by collaborative editing.

Radiographic positioning and settings may contain a link to one or more relevant articles in [http://www.wikiradiography.net/ wikiradiography]. For example, [[Forearm]] may contain the following links:
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+AP Forearm - AP]
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+Lateral Forearm - Lateral]

Sections to generally '''avoid''':
*'''Anatomy''' sections should generally not be used, because any relevant anatomy should be integrated into its context in other sections.
*'''Treatment''', unless regularly performed by radiologists themselves. Otherwise, information about treatment is only relevant if being written together with how it affects the way to plan, evaluate or report on the imaging.
*Section headers without content, where section content should be added right away, or the header be removed.

==Modality+Location articles==

Example: [[CT of the thorax]].

===Sections===
*'''Normal anatomy''', preferably including various age groups, such as at [[X-ray of the hand]]
:*'''"Normal" findings in chronic conditions''', which are generally not used in the diagnosis of that condition. This includes expected findings in congenital conditions whose diagnosis is generally made clinically or genetically close to birth, thereby allowing radiologists to determine if a finding is part of their known condition or because of a new disease or disorder.
*'''Basic screening''', which should generally be done regardless of the issue raised by the referral
*'''Diseases and conditions''' or '''Objectives''':
:*For any entry that does not yet have its own article, preferably only list it if you intend to write that article yourself in a near future.
:*Only include entries that are common or meaningful radiologic referral reasons. For example, [[CT of lung nodules]] is listed in [[CT of the thorax]], and not for example "CT of adenocarcinoma" because it is not a CT diagnosis.
:*Initially, conditions may be included in the article if being short, such as [[CT of the thorax#Lymphadenopathy]]. They should, however, preferably be expanded to own articles that are linked from the Modality+Location article as described in the [[#Inter-article structure]] section above.
:*[[#Templates|Templates (see below)]] can be used to include conditions both in the overall location article as well as the Modality+Location articles, such as {{tl|Diseases and conditions associated with CT and MRI of the head}} being included in [[Head]] and [[MRI of the head]] (while [[CT of the head]] has developed a more detailed list).
:As the list becomes larger, with over 5-10 entries, only the most common or otherwise significant ones should remain in the article, and the rest be moved to anatomic sub-regions or be linked from a separate category page.
*'''Techniques''', with subtypes of the topic at hand, such as [[CT of the thorax]] having a section on CT [[angiography]] of the region.
*'''Report''', containing at least a report on a basic screening of the investigation at hand. It is recommended to also insert the [[#Templates|template]] {{tl|Reporting}} below the header in order to link to general notes about reporting. It does ''not'' need to mention "additional findings upon image evaluation" or similar. Any example report can be followed by the template {{tl|Public Domain example}} to allow for copying in clinical practice without needing to attribute the article author.

==Modality-unspecific disease or presentation articles==
Examples: [[Urolithiasis]], [[Neck trauma]]

These articles should focus on the planning of the investigation, such as by the following layout:
*'''Planning''', which assumes that there is a referral specifically asking for an investigation of the subject at hand. Recommended subsections include:
:*'''Justification''' of the investigation, such as symptoms raising the suspicion of the condition.
:*'''Choice of modality''', with preferable modalities and their main factors to consider in the choice.
:*'''How soon''' the investigation should be done.

The title should generally not be in plural.

Other aspects of the disease should generally be added at linked modality-specific articles.

Preferably, the section should be written as a template (see [[#Templates]] section below) that can be displayed in the modality-specific articles as well, such as [[Template:Neck trauma - choice of modality]], which is shown both in [[Neck trauma]] and [[CT of the neck in trauma]].

==Modality-specific disease or presentation articles==
Example: [[X-ray of distal radius fracture]]

===Title===
The title should include all the components (such as [[X-ray of distal radius fracture]]) unless the condition is specific for a particular location (such as [[Ultrasonography of appendicitis]]). Adpositions are generally "of", "in" or "for". There is no need for "suspected" or "possible" even for investigations generally used to rule out the disease.

The disease may be either in the plural form (such as in [[X-ray of fractures]]) or singular form (such as in [[X-ray of distal radius fracture]]).

===Sections===
The recommended layout is as follows:
*'''Introduction''', including a definition of the condition, and/or links to parent articles where available. For example, the introduction in the article ''[[X-ray of hip prostheses]]'' can start as ''"For '''[[X-ray of the hip joint]]''' in the presence of a prosthesis..."''.
*'''Planning'''. Possible content includes:
:*'''Choice of modality''', describing when to use available modalities (and not just ''"modalities may include:"'' or similar). This subsection should be written as a template (see [[#Templates]] section below) that can be displayed in modality-unspecific articles as well, such as [[Template:Neck trauma - choice of modality]], which is shown both in [[Neck trauma]] and [[CT of the neck in trauma]]. Include the "Choice of modality" header in the template. Thereby, these templates are editable by clicking the ''edit'' button by that header.
:*'''How soon''' the investigation should be done
:*What '''settings''' or '''sequences''' of for example MRI or CT are recommended
*'''Quality checking''', including signs that the investigation needs to be redone
*'''Analysis''' of '''Findings''', whose structure of subsections should generally be based on appearance, but sometimes on other information that is generally known, such as age of the patient for bone tumors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiologyassistant.nl/en/p494e15cbf0d8d/bone-tumor-systematic-approach-and-differential-diagnosis.html|title=Bone tumor - Systematic approach and Differential diagnosis|author=Henk Jan van der Woude and Robin Smithuis|site={{RA}}|accessdate=2018-05-26}}</ref>
:It is also recommended to link to general screening in CT and MRI for the location at hand, such as [[CT in dementia]] linking to [[CT_of_the_head#Basic_screening|Basic screening of head CT]].
:*'''Further evaluation''', with important concomitant findings when the disease is known, such as staging of cancers.
*'''Report''', preferably including at least one example of a report with typical findings of a disease ([[X-ray of knee prosthesis#Report|Example]]), as well as one report including the most important absences of findings when the disease is important to rule out. It is recommended to also insert the [[#Templates|template]] {{tl|Reporting}} in the section, preferably at the bottom of it but possibly also below the section header. This inserts a link to general notes about reporting. Different levels of comprehensiveness is preferable, such as at [[X-ray of hip prostheses#Report]].

Disease articles can have a short introduction with one or two sentences about pathophysiology, and likewise for symptoms, prognosis and general treatment. Otherwise, these aspects should only be included where relevant in the radiologic differential diagnosis. These aspects are not necessary if the differential diagnosis can be made by visible radiologic findings alone.

==Cases==
Case descriptions should be written entirely in the description page of the uploaded image. Descriptions must include:
*'''Consent note''', for example "Verbal consent"
The following additional data are preferable:
*'''Diagnostic certainty''', from "Possible", "Probable", "Almost certain" to "Certain", or "Not applicable"
*Patient '''age'''
*Patient '''sex'''
*Patient '''history''' and/or '''symptoms'''
*'''Findings''' in the image

===Multiple images===
In cases with 2 or 3 images, it can be done by either:
*Copying the descriptions to each image page.
*Make an article starting as "Case of a ...", and linking to that article in each image page.
*Templating, as described in the [[#Templates]] section below. For this purpose, the steps include:
**Giving the template a title, for example: ''26 year old woman with ectopic pregnancy, description''
**Write the case description on the template page. On the template page, it is also recommended to list all images that belong to the case.
**Press save, and implement the template in each related image.

===Image stacks===
{{Imagestack
|width=250
|title=Title
|align=right
|background=#ffffff
|loop=no
|File:Computed tomography of human brain (16).png|Caption of 1st image
|File:Computed tomography of human brain (15).png|Next image has no caption
|File:Computed tomography of human brain (14).png|
}}

Image stacks such as for CTs and MRIs can be created by choosing "Edit source" and adding for example the following code (resultant stack displayed at right):
{|class="wikitable"
|
<nowiki>{{Imagestack</nowiki>
<br>|width=250
<br>|title=Title
<br>|align=right
<br>|background=#ffffff
<br>|loop=no
<br>|File:Computed tomography of human brain (16).png|Caption of 1st image
<br>|File:Computed tomography of human brain (15).png|Next image has no caption
<br>|File:Computed tomography of human brain (14).png|
<br><nowiki>}}</nowiki>
|}
To make it easier for both yourself and the reader, limit the stack to only the images necessary to demonstrate the conditions at hand.

To move through the images, hover over the image and use scroll wheel, drag the mouse over the image, or click the < or the > above each stack. This functionality should activate when the page is fully loaded, which may take some if there are many images in the stack.

==Interventions==

===Sections===
The recommended layout is as follows:
*'''Planning''' or '''Preparation'''
:*'''Choice of modality'''
:*'''Bleeding''', such as by the template <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Low risk of bleeding|Low risk of bleeding]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>
:*'''Choice''' of material and/or instruments, for example "Transducer choice" for ultrasonographic interventions
:*'''Patient information'''
:*'''Time taken''', which can be given as the time usually allotted to the procedure.
*'''Procedure'''
*'''Report'''

Example: [[Ultrasound-guided hip joint injection]]

==How to create a new article==
You need to create an account and become approved as Editor before being able to create articles. See [[Radlines:About#Participation]]. As an approved Editor, you can create an article as follows:

<div style="align:left; max-width:40em"><inputbox>
type = create
buttonlabel = Create article
placeholder = Enter article title here and click "Create article"
break = no
editintro = Radlines:Article editintro
</inputbox></div>

You also get the alternative to create an article by clicking [[red links]] (terms lacking an article), or by searching for such terms in the search box at top right.

==Templates==
A template has the ability to show the same material in multiple pages, and edits to it show up immediately in all those pages.

===Indications===
{|class="wikitable" align="right"
| This table appears in multiple articles
|-
| {{Diameters of abdominal aorta}}
|}
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*[[CT of abdominal aneurysm]]
*[[Ultrasonography of abdominal aneurysm]]
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*Welcome to Radlines! I have received your submitted form, and I have now added you as an editor of Radlines. You will find more information on how to contribute at [[Radlines:Contribute]]. (If the new editor has approved this in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdqCj6TIIx8AuMiWthPWuohwxPoIVz7j0BUAIWQbrq-dT_Kqw/viewform the form]:) I have also added you at [[Radlines:About#Editors]]. You are welcome to add more details about yourself there, as well as at your user page (see [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines#User_page]]). Again, welcome! (Signature)

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{{Bottom}}

Ultrasonography of the abdomen and pelvis

2019-09-13T09:16:00Z

Mikael Häggström: /* General screening */ Spaced

{{Top
|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]
|author2=
}}
==Planning==
;Choice of exam
For patients presenting with symptoms that are less specific for any certain organ, such as unspecific acute [[abdominal pain]], consider an '''[[abdominal/pelvic CT]]''' instead.

;At least 6 hours of fasting<ref group="notes">Otherwise high risk of intestines obscuring the organ of interest.<br>- {{NU Hospital Group}}</ref>
Exceptions:
*The target structures are known to be superficial to any intestines
*The case is emergent enough to justify a suboptimal exam

==Locations==
<gallery>
File:Liver measurements on ultrasonography.jpg|link=Ultrasonography of the liver|[[Ultrasonography of the liver|Ultrasonography of the '''liver''']]
File:Normal adult kidney.jpg|link=Ultrasonography of the urinary system|[[Ultrasonography of the urinary system|Ultrasonography of the '''urinary system''']]
File:Ultrasonography of a normal testicle.jpg|link=Ultrasonography of the scrotum|[[Ultrasonography of the scrotum|Ultrasonography of the '''scrotum''']]
File:Ultrasonography of a normal looking gallbladder.jpg|link=Ultrasonography of the biliary tract|[[Ultrasonography of the biliary tract|Ultrasonography of the '''biliary tract''']]
File:Ultrasonography of diastasis recti.jpg|thumb|[[Ultrasonography of the abdominal wall|Ultrasonography of the '''abdominal wall''']]
</gallery>

==General screening==
===Upper abdomen===
For symptoms of the upper abdomen, it is a proper custom to perform a general screening of the following locations:
*'''Pancreas''', mainly for dilatation of the pancreatic duct, or obvious tumors.
*'''Liver''', for echogenicity and focal changes. <br>''In case of suspected pathology, see: [[Ultrasonography of the liver]]''
*'''Hepatorenal recess''' for ascites.
*'''Biliary tract''', for gallstones (see ''[[Ultrasonography of gallstones]]'') and dilatation of the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts. The common bile duct is normally up to 8 mm.<ref name="HoeffelAzizi2006">{{cite journal|last1=Hoeffel|first1=Christine|last2=Azizi|first2=Louisa|last3=Lewin|first3=Maité|last4=Laurent|first4=Valérie|last5=Aubé|first5=Christophe|last6=Arrivé|first6=Lionel|last7=Tubiana|first7=Jean-Michel|title=Normal and Pathologic Features of the Postoperative Biliary Tract at 3D MR Cholangiopancreatography and MR Imaging|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=26|issue=6|year=2006|pages=1603–1620|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/rg.266055730}}</ref> ''Further information: [[Ultrasonography_of_the_biliary_tract#Basic_screening|Basic screening of the biliary tract]]''.
[[File:Maximum length of spleen on ultrasonography.jpg|thumb|180px|Maximum length of the spleen.]]
*'''Spleen''', mainly for size, where 11 cm is a common cutoff. <br>''In case of suspected pathology, see: [[Ultrasonography of the spleen]]''
Also, it is generally easy to have a quick glance at the kidneys just to exclude hydronephrosis. <br>''In case of suspected pathology, see: [[Ultrasonography of the urinary system]]''

;Report
{|class="wikitable"
|
Example in a normal case:
<br>Gallbladder with thin wall and no gallstones. Normal width of the intra-and extrahepatic bile ducts.
<br>Liver with normal echogenicity and no focal lesions.
<br>Normal head and body of the pancreas.
<br>Normally sized spleen.
{{Public Domain example}}
|}
{{Reporting}}

===Lower abdomen===
Ultrasonographies of the lower abdomen can generally be focused on the condition requested in the referral.

==Diseases and conditions==

===Biliary tract===
*[[Ultrasonography of gallstones|Ultrasonography of '''gallstones''']]
*[[Ultrasonography of cholecystitis|Ultrasonography of '''cholecystitis''']]

===Appendicitis===
*[[Ultrasonography of appendicitis|Ultrasonography of '''appendicitis''']]

===Aneurysm===
*[[Ultrasonography of abdominal aneurysm|Ultrasonography of '''abdominal aneurysm''']]

===Cirrhosis===
*[[Ultrasonography of cirrhosis|Ultrasonography of '''cirrhosis''']]

===Epigastric bulding===
*[[Ultrasonography of epigastric bulging|Ultrasonography of '''epigastric bulging''']]
{{Bottom}}

Ultrasonography of the abdomen and pelvis

2019-09-13T09:15:21Z

Mikael Häggström: /* General screening */ {{Public Domain example}}

{{Top
|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]
|author2=
}}
==Planning==
;Choice of exam
For patients presenting with symptoms that are less specific for any certain organ, such as unspecific acute [[abdominal pain]], consider an '''[[abdominal/pelvic CT]]''' instead.

;At least 6 hours of fasting<ref group="notes">Otherwise high risk of intestines obscuring the organ of interest.<br>- {{NU Hospital Group}}</ref>
Exceptions:
*The target structures are known to be superficial to any intestines
*The case is emergent enough to justify a suboptimal exam

==Locations==
<gallery>
File:Liver measurements on ultrasonography.jpg|link=Ultrasonography of the liver|[[Ultrasonography of the liver|Ultrasonography of the '''liver''']]
File:Normal adult kidney.jpg|link=Ultrasonography of the urinary system|[[Ultrasonography of the urinary system|Ultrasonography of the '''urinary system''']]
File:Ultrasonography of a normal testicle.jpg|link=Ultrasonography of the scrotum|[[Ultrasonography of the scrotum|Ultrasonography of the '''scrotum''']]
File:Ultrasonography of a normal looking gallbladder.jpg|link=Ultrasonography of the biliary tract|[[Ultrasonography of the biliary tract|Ultrasonography of the '''biliary tract''']]
File:Ultrasonography of diastasis recti.jpg|thumb|[[Ultrasonography of the abdominal wall|Ultrasonography of the '''abdominal wall''']]
</gallery>

==General screening==
===Upper abdomen===
For symptoms of the upper abdomen, it is a proper custom to perform a general screening of the following locations:
*'''Pancreas''', mainly for dilatation of the pancreatic duct, or obvious tumors.
*'''Liver''', for echogenicity and focal changes. <br>''In case of suspected pathology, see: [[Ultrasonography of the liver]]''
*'''Hepatorenal recess''' for ascites.
*'''Biliary tract''', for gallstones (see ''[[Ultrasonography of gallstones]]'') and dilatation of the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts. The common bile duct is normally up to 8 mm.<ref name="HoeffelAzizi2006">{{cite journal|last1=Hoeffel|first1=Christine|last2=Azizi|first2=Louisa|last3=Lewin|first3=Maité|last4=Laurent|first4=Valérie|last5=Aubé|first5=Christophe|last6=Arrivé|first6=Lionel|last7=Tubiana|first7=Jean-Michel|title=Normal and Pathologic Features of the Postoperative Biliary Tract at 3D MR Cholangiopancreatography and MR Imaging|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=26|issue=6|year=2006|pages=1603–1620|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/rg.266055730}}</ref> ''Further information: [[Ultrasonography_of_the_biliary_tract#Basic_screening|Basic screening of the biliary tract]]''.
[[File:Maximum length of spleen on ultrasonography.jpg|thumb|180px|Maximum length of the spleen.]]
*'''Spleen''', mainly for size, where 11 cm is a common cutoff. <br>''In case of suspected pathology, see: [[Ultrasonography of the spleen]]''
Also, it is generally easy to have a quick glance at the kidneys just to exclude hydronephrosis. <br>''In case of suspected pathology, see: [[Ultrasonography of the urinary system]]''

;Report
{|class="wikitable"
| Example in a normal case:
<br>Gallbladder with thin wall and no gallstones. Normal width of the intra-and extrahepatic bile ducts.
<br>Liver with normal echogenicity and no focal lesions.
<br>Normal head and body of the pancreas.
<br>Normally sized spleen.
{{Public Domain example}}
|}
{{Reporting}}

===Lower abdomen===
Ultrasonographies of the lower abdomen can generally be focused on the condition requested in the referral.

==Diseases and conditions==

===Biliary tract===
*[[Ultrasonography of gallstones|Ultrasonography of '''gallstones''']]
*[[Ultrasonography of cholecystitis|Ultrasonography of '''cholecystitis''']]

===Appendicitis===
*[[Ultrasonography of appendicitis|Ultrasonography of '''appendicitis''']]

===Aneurysm===
*[[Ultrasonography of abdominal aneurysm|Ultrasonography of '''abdominal aneurysm''']]

===Cirrhosis===
*[[Ultrasonography of cirrhosis|Ultrasonography of '''cirrhosis''']]

===Epigastric bulding===
*[[Ultrasonography of epigastric bulging|Ultrasonography of '''epigastric bulging''']]
{{Bottom}}

X-ray of hip prostheses

2019-09-13T09:13:56Z

Mikael Häggström: /* Report */ Plural

[[File:Hip prosthesis components.jpg|thumb|160px|Main components of a hip prosthesis<ref>{{cite web|url=http://illumin.usc.edu/61/total-hip-replacement/|title=Total Hip Replacement|website=University of Southern California|author=Andrew Still|date=2002-11-02|accessdate=2017-01-05}}</ref>]]
{{Top
|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]
|author2=
}}

For '''[[X-ray of the hip joint]]''' in the presence of a prosthesis, this article first deals with the first postoperative image which is more focused at prosthesis configuration, and separately describes subsequent follow-ups which are more focused at complications.

==Quality checking==
*The referral or complementary information needs to specify the type of prosthesis and when it was inserted.<ref name=SOA>{{cite web|url=http://www.ortopedi.se/pics/1/5/Hoftradiologisk_undersokning.pdf|title=Hip - Radiologic evaluation of prosthetic surgery (Swedish title: HÖFT - Radiologisk undersökning vid proteskirurgi)|website=Swedish Orthopaedic Association (SOA)|author=Radiologists: Torsten Boegård, Mats Geijer, Marianne Petrén-Mallmin. Orthopedic surgeons: Lennart Sanzén, Christer Strömberg, Torbjörn Ahl}} Publication #18, 2006</ref>
*Images that need to be available include the first postoperative ones, as well as the most recent previous exam.<ref name=SOA/>

==First postoperative image: Configuration==
Post-operative projectional radiography ("X-ray") is routinely performed to ensure proper configuration of hip prostheses.

===Planning===
Necessary projections are:
*Frontal and axial image of the hip joint
*Frontal image of the inferior parts of the hip bone (to include the [[ischium]] bones for measurements).

===Evaluation===
Evaluate:
*Prosthesis configuration
*Cement coverage, where applicable
*Any intraoperative fractures

====Configuration of total arthroplasty====
The direction of the acetabular cup influences the range of motion of the leg, and also affects the risk of dislocation.<ref name=Watt/> For this purpose, the ''acetabular inclination'' and the ''acetabular anteversion'' are measurements of cup angulation in the coronal plane and the sagittal plane, respectively.
<gallery widths="330" heights="150">
File:Acetabular inclination of hip prosthesis.jpg|'''Acetabular inclination'''.<ref name=Vanrusselt2015/> This parameter is calculated on an anteroposterior radiograph as the angle between a line through the lateral and medial margins of the acetabular cup and the ''transischial line'' which is tangential to the inferior margins of the [[ischium]] bones.<ref name=Vanrusselt2015>{{cite journal|last1=Vanrusselt|first1=Jan|last2=Vansevenant|first2=Milan|last3=Vanderschueren|first3=Geert|last4=Vanhoenacker|first4=Filip|title=Postoperative radiograph of the hip arthroplasty: what the radiologist should know|journal=Insights into Imaging|volume=6|issue=6|year=2015|pages=591–600|issn=1869-4101|doi=10.1007/s13244-015-0438-5|pmid=26487647}}</ref>
File:Range of acetabular inclination.png|Acetabular inclination is normally between 30 and 50°.<ref name=Vanrusselt2015/> A larger angle increases the risk of dislocation.<ref name=Watt>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiologyassistant.nl/en/p431c8258e7ac3/hip-arthroplasty.html|title=Hip - Arthroplasty -Normal and abnormal imaging findings|author=Iain Watt, Susanne Boldrik, Evert van Langelaan and Robin Smithuis|website=Radiology Assistant|accessdate=2017-05-21}}</ref>
</gallery>
<gallery widths="330" heights="150">
File:Acetabular anteversion of hip prosthesis.jpg|'''Acetabular anteversion'''.<ref name="ShinLee2015"/> This parameter is calculated on a lateral radiograph as the angle between the [[transverse plane]] and a line going through the (anterior and posterior) margins of the acetabular cup.<ref name="ShinLee2015">{{cite journal|last1=Shin|first1=W. C.|last2=Lee|first2=S. M.|last3=Lee|first3=K. W.|last4=Cho|first4=H. J.|last5=Lee|first5=J. S.|last6=Suh|first6=K. T.|title=The reliability and accuracy of measuring anteversion of the acetabular component on plain anteroposterior and lateral radiographs after total hip arthroplasty|journal=The Bone & Joint Journal|volume=97-B|issue=5|year=2015|pages=611–616|issn=2049-4394|doi=10.1302/0301-620X.97B5.34735}}</ref>
File:Range of acetabular anteversion.png|Acetabular anteversion is normally between 5 and 25°.<ref name=Watt/> An anteversion below or above this range increases the risk of dislocation.<ref name=Watt/> There is an intra-individual variability in this method because the pelvis may be tilted in various degrees in relation to the transverse plane.<ref name=Watt/>
</gallery>
<gallery widths="330" heights="150">
File:Leg length discrepancy after hip replacement.jpg|'''Leg length discrepancy''' after hip replacement is calculated as the vertical distance between the middle of the minor trochanters, using the acetabular tear drops<ref name=Vanrusselt2015/> or the transischial line<ref name=Watt/> as references for the horizontal plane. A discrepancy of up to 1 cm is generally tolerated.<ref name=Vanrusselt2015/><ref name=Watt/>
File:Center of rotation of hip prosthesis.jpg|'''Center of rotation''': The horizontal center of rotation is calculated as the distance between the acetabular teardrop and the center of the head (or caput) of the prosthesis and/or the native femoral head on the contralateral side.<ref name=Vanrusselt2015/> The vertical center of rotation instead uses the transischial line for reference.<ref name=Vanrusselt2015/> The parameter should be equal on both sides.<ref name=Vanrusselt2015/>
</gallery>

====Configuration of hemiarthroplasty====
[[File:Femoral offset in hemiarthroplasty (crop).jpg|thumb|170px|Femoral offset in hemiarthroplasty.<ref name="JonesBriffa2017">{{cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Carl|last2=Briffa|first2=Nikolai|last3=Jacob|first3=Joshua|last4=Hargrove|first4=Richard|title=The Dislocated Hip Hemiarthroplasty: Current Concepts of Etiological factors and Management|journal=The Open Orthopaedics Journal|volume=11|issue=Suppl-7, M4|year=2017|pages=1200–1212|issn=1874-3250|doi=10.2174/1874325001711011200}}</ref>.]]

The main measures after hemiarthroplastyare:
*'''Leg length discrepancy''' as in total arthroplasty above.
*'''Femoral (neck) offset''', which is defined as the perpendicular distance between the intramedullary or longitudinal axis of the femur and the center of rotation of the native or prosthetic femoral head.<ref name="JonesBriffa2017"/> An offset of less than 33 mm is associated with hip dislocation.<ref name="NinhSethi2009">{{cite journal|last1=Ninh|first1=Christopher C.|last2=Sethi|first2=Anil|last3=Hatahet|first3=Mohammed|last4=Les|first4=Clifford|last5=Morandi|first5=Massimo|last6=Vaidya|first6=Rahul|title=Hip Dislocation After Modular Unipolar Hemiarthroplasty|journal=The Journal of Arthroplasty|volume=24|issue=5|year=2009|pages=768–774|issn=08835403|doi=10.1016/j.arth.2008.02.019}}</ref>

====Cement coverage====
Cement coverage is regarded as acceptable when there are no translucent zones on an anteroposterior image in at least 6 of 7 Gruen-zones.<ref name=SOA/>

[[File:Hip prosthesis zones by DeLee and Charnley system, and Gruen system.jpg|thumb|250px|center|Hip prosthesis zones according to DeLee and Charnley,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Adult Hip, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fwULYB1gJIC&pg=PA958|author=John J. Callaghan, Aaron G. Rosenberg, Harry E. Rubash|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7817-5092-9|page=958}}</ref> and Gruen.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Neumann|first1=Daniel R.P.|last2=Thaler|first2=Christoph|last3=Hitzl|first3=Wolfgang|last4=Huber|first4=Monika|last5=Hofstädter|first5=Thomas|last6=Dorn|first6=Ulrich|title=Long-Term Results of a Contemporary Metal-on-Metal Total Hip Arthroplasty|journal=The Journal of Arthroplasty|volume=25|issue=5|year=2010|pages=700–708|issn=0883-5403|doi=10.1016/j.arth.2009.05.018}}</ref> These are used to describe the location of for example areas of loosening.]]

Absence of cement in zone 7 (medially-proximally) needs to be noted. On a lateral image, the distal tip of the prosthesis should be centered, and not be in contact with the cortex.<ref name=SOA/> The cup should not have translucent zones in zone 1 and 2. It is acceptable to have translucent zones in parts of zone 3.<ref name=SOA/>

====Fractures====
Have at least a glance at bony contours around the prosthesis in order to detect intraoperative fractures.
<gallery>
File:Intraoperative acetabular fracture, annotated.jpg|Intraoperative acetabular fracture
</gallery>

===Report===
The postoperative report should include:<ref name=SOA/>
*Prosthesis configuration. If the report is likely to undergo double reading, the parameters may be given in numbers even if within normal limits.
*Cement coverage.

{|class="wikitable"
|+ Normal report
! Basic !! Comprehensive
|-
| (Total) hip replacement with unremarkable configuration and cement coverage
| Post-operative images of total hip replacement with unremarkable configuration:
*Acetabular inclination: ___°
*Acetabular anteversion: ___°
*The right leg is ___ longer than the left, as measured at the minor trochanters.
*Equal centers of rotation.
*Proper cement coverage.
|}
{{Public Domain examples}}
{{Reporting}}

==Further follow-ups: Complications==
Further follow-ups after the initial postoperative image are focused on various complications.

===Dislocation===
<gallery widths=200 heights=200>
File:Dislocated hip replacement.jpg|Dislocated artificial hip
File:Hip prosthesis liner creep and wear.png|Liner wear, particularly when over 2 mm, increases the risk of dislocation.<ref name=berry2012>{{cite book|title=Surgery of the Hip|url=https://books.google.se/books?id=Kc-AhYLnIF4C&pg=PA1035|author=Daniel J. Berry, Jay Lieberman|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|year=2012|isbn=9781455727056|page=1035}}</ref> Liner creep, on the other hand, is normal remoulding.<ref name=Watt/>
</gallery>

===Fracture===
Post-operative femoral fractures are graded by the Vancouver classification:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Type
! Description
|-
| A
| Fracture in the [[human trochanter|trochanteric]] region
|-
| B1
| Fracture around stem or just below, with well fixed stem
|-
| B2
| Fracture around stem or just below, with loose stem but good proximal bone
|-
| B3
| Fracture around stem or just below, with poor quality or severely comminuted proximal bone
|-
| C
| Fracture below theprosthesis
|}

===Loosening===
[[File:Hip joint aseptic loosening ar1938-1.png|thumb|upright|Hip prosthesis displaying aseptic loosening (arrows)]]

On radiography, it is normal to see thin radiolucent areas of less than 2 mm around hip prosthesis components, or between a cement mantle and bone. However, these may still indicate loosening of the prosthesis if they are new or changing, and areas greater than 2 mm may be harmless if they are stable.<ref name="RothMaertz2012"/> The most important prognostic factors of cemented cups are absence of radiolucent lines in DeLee and Charnley zone I, as well as adequate cement mantle thickness.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Well-Cemented Total Hip Arthroplasty: Theory and Practice|url=https://books.google.se/books?id=PQ6NZAeJUXcC&pg=PA337&lpg=PA336|author=Steffen Breusch, Henrik Malchau|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2005|isbn=978-3-540-24197-3|page=336}}</ref> In the first year after insertion of uncemented femoral stems, it is normal to have mild subsidence (less than 10 mm).<ref name="RothMaertz2012">{{cite journal|last1=Roth|first1=Trenton D.|last2=Maertz|first2=Nathan A.|last3=Parr|first3=J. Andrew|last4=Buckwalter|first4=Kenneth A.|last5=Choplin|first5=Robert H.|title=CT of the Hip Prosthesis: Appearance of Components, Fixation, and Complications|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=32|issue=4|year=2012|pages=1089–1107|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/rg.324115183}}</ref>

===Report===
Further follow-up reports should include at least:
*Dates of the images used for comparison
*Absence of change in position, or a description of any change.<ref name=SOA/>
*Absence or of loosening, or a description of it.<ref name=SOA/>

{{Reporting}}

{{Bottom}}

Template:Public Domain example

2019-09-13T09:13:44Z

Mikael Häggström: Described

:''This example is [https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ Public Domain], and can be copied without any need for author attribution.''<noinclude>
==See also==
*{{tl|Public Domain examples}}, for multiple examples in a section

Template:Public Domain examples

2019-09-13T09:13:20Z

Mikael Häggström: Plural

:''These examples are [https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ Public Domain], and can be copied without any need for author attribution.''<noinclude>
==See also==
*{{tl|Public Domain example}}, for a single example

Template:Public Domain example

2019-09-13T09:12:56Z

Mikael Häggström: Plural

X-ray of hip prostheses

2019-09-13T09:11:59Z

Mikael Häggström: /* Report */ {{Public Domain example}}

[[File:Hip prosthesis components.jpg|thumb|160px|Main components of a hip prosthesis<ref>{{cite web|url=http://illumin.usc.edu/61/total-hip-replacement/|title=Total Hip Replacement|website=University of Southern California|author=Andrew Still|date=2002-11-02|accessdate=2017-01-05}}</ref>]]
{{Top
|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]
|author2=
}}

For '''[[X-ray of the hip joint]]''' in the presence of a prosthesis, this article first deals with the first postoperative image which is more focused at prosthesis configuration, and separately describes subsequent follow-ups which are more focused at complications.

==Quality checking==
*The referral or complementary information needs to specify the type of prosthesis and when it was inserted.<ref name=SOA>{{cite web|url=http://www.ortopedi.se/pics/1/5/Hoftradiologisk_undersokning.pdf|title=Hip - Radiologic evaluation of prosthetic surgery (Swedish title: HÖFT - Radiologisk undersökning vid proteskirurgi)|website=Swedish Orthopaedic Association (SOA)|author=Radiologists: Torsten Boegård, Mats Geijer, Marianne Petrén-Mallmin. Orthopedic surgeons: Lennart Sanzén, Christer Strömberg, Torbjörn Ahl}} Publication #18, 2006</ref>
*Images that need to be available include the first postoperative ones, as well as the most recent previous exam.<ref name=SOA/>

==First postoperative image: Configuration==
Post-operative projectional radiography ("X-ray") is routinely performed to ensure proper configuration of hip prostheses.

===Planning===
Necessary projections are:
*Frontal and axial image of the hip joint
*Frontal image of the inferior parts of the hip bone (to include the [[ischium]] bones for measurements).

===Evaluation===
Evaluate:
*Prosthesis configuration
*Cement coverage, where applicable
*Any intraoperative fractures

====Configuration of total arthroplasty====
The direction of the acetabular cup influences the range of motion of the leg, and also affects the risk of dislocation.<ref name=Watt/> For this purpose, the ''acetabular inclination'' and the ''acetabular anteversion'' are measurements of cup angulation in the coronal plane and the sagittal plane, respectively.
<gallery widths="330" heights="150">
File:Acetabular inclination of hip prosthesis.jpg|'''Acetabular inclination'''.<ref name=Vanrusselt2015/> This parameter is calculated on an anteroposterior radiograph as the angle between a line through the lateral and medial margins of the acetabular cup and the ''transischial line'' which is tangential to the inferior margins of the [[ischium]] bones.<ref name=Vanrusselt2015>{{cite journal|last1=Vanrusselt|first1=Jan|last2=Vansevenant|first2=Milan|last3=Vanderschueren|first3=Geert|last4=Vanhoenacker|first4=Filip|title=Postoperative radiograph of the hip arthroplasty: what the radiologist should know|journal=Insights into Imaging|volume=6|issue=6|year=2015|pages=591–600|issn=1869-4101|doi=10.1007/s13244-015-0438-5|pmid=26487647}}</ref>
File:Range of acetabular inclination.png|Acetabular inclination is normally between 30 and 50°.<ref name=Vanrusselt2015/> A larger angle increases the risk of dislocation.<ref name=Watt>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiologyassistant.nl/en/p431c8258e7ac3/hip-arthroplasty.html|title=Hip - Arthroplasty -Normal and abnormal imaging findings|author=Iain Watt, Susanne Boldrik, Evert van Langelaan and Robin Smithuis|website=Radiology Assistant|accessdate=2017-05-21}}</ref>
</gallery>
<gallery widths="330" heights="150">
File:Acetabular anteversion of hip prosthesis.jpg|'''Acetabular anteversion'''.<ref name="ShinLee2015"/> This parameter is calculated on a lateral radiograph as the angle between the [[transverse plane]] and a line going through the (anterior and posterior) margins of the acetabular cup.<ref name="ShinLee2015">{{cite journal|last1=Shin|first1=W. C.|last2=Lee|first2=S. M.|last3=Lee|first3=K. W.|last4=Cho|first4=H. J.|last5=Lee|first5=J. S.|last6=Suh|first6=K. T.|title=The reliability and accuracy of measuring anteversion of the acetabular component on plain anteroposterior and lateral radiographs after total hip arthroplasty|journal=The Bone & Joint Journal|volume=97-B|issue=5|year=2015|pages=611–616|issn=2049-4394|doi=10.1302/0301-620X.97B5.34735}}</ref>
File:Range of acetabular anteversion.png|Acetabular anteversion is normally between 5 and 25°.<ref name=Watt/> An anteversion below or above this range increases the risk of dislocation.<ref name=Watt/> There is an intra-individual variability in this method because the pelvis may be tilted in various degrees in relation to the transverse plane.<ref name=Watt/>
</gallery>
<gallery widths="330" heights="150">
File:Leg length discrepancy after hip replacement.jpg|'''Leg length discrepancy''' after hip replacement is calculated as the vertical distance between the middle of the minor trochanters, using the acetabular tear drops<ref name=Vanrusselt2015/> or the transischial line<ref name=Watt/> as references for the horizontal plane. A discrepancy of up to 1 cm is generally tolerated.<ref name=Vanrusselt2015/><ref name=Watt/>
File:Center of rotation of hip prosthesis.jpg|'''Center of rotation''': The horizontal center of rotation is calculated as the distance between the acetabular teardrop and the center of the head (or caput) of the prosthesis and/or the native femoral head on the contralateral side.<ref name=Vanrusselt2015/> The vertical center of rotation instead uses the transischial line for reference.<ref name=Vanrusselt2015/> The parameter should be equal on both sides.<ref name=Vanrusselt2015/>
</gallery>

====Configuration of hemiarthroplasty====
[[File:Femoral offset in hemiarthroplasty (crop).jpg|thumb|170px|Femoral offset in hemiarthroplasty.<ref name="JonesBriffa2017">{{cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Carl|last2=Briffa|first2=Nikolai|last3=Jacob|first3=Joshua|last4=Hargrove|first4=Richard|title=The Dislocated Hip Hemiarthroplasty: Current Concepts of Etiological factors and Management|journal=The Open Orthopaedics Journal|volume=11|issue=Suppl-7, M4|year=2017|pages=1200–1212|issn=1874-3250|doi=10.2174/1874325001711011200}}</ref>.]]

The main measures after hemiarthroplastyare:
*'''Leg length discrepancy''' as in total arthroplasty above.
*'''Femoral (neck) offset''', which is defined as the perpendicular distance between the intramedullary or longitudinal axis of the femur and the center of rotation of the native or prosthetic femoral head.<ref name="JonesBriffa2017"/> An offset of less than 33 mm is associated with hip dislocation.<ref name="NinhSethi2009">{{cite journal|last1=Ninh|first1=Christopher C.|last2=Sethi|first2=Anil|last3=Hatahet|first3=Mohammed|last4=Les|first4=Clifford|last5=Morandi|first5=Massimo|last6=Vaidya|first6=Rahul|title=Hip Dislocation After Modular Unipolar Hemiarthroplasty|journal=The Journal of Arthroplasty|volume=24|issue=5|year=2009|pages=768–774|issn=08835403|doi=10.1016/j.arth.2008.02.019}}</ref>

====Cement coverage====
Cement coverage is regarded as acceptable when there are no translucent zones on an anteroposterior image in at least 6 of 7 Gruen-zones.<ref name=SOA/>

[[File:Hip prosthesis zones by DeLee and Charnley system, and Gruen system.jpg|thumb|250px|center|Hip prosthesis zones according to DeLee and Charnley,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Adult Hip, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fwULYB1gJIC&pg=PA958|author=John J. Callaghan, Aaron G. Rosenberg, Harry E. Rubash|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7817-5092-9|page=958}}</ref> and Gruen.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Neumann|first1=Daniel R.P.|last2=Thaler|first2=Christoph|last3=Hitzl|first3=Wolfgang|last4=Huber|first4=Monika|last5=Hofstädter|first5=Thomas|last6=Dorn|first6=Ulrich|title=Long-Term Results of a Contemporary Metal-on-Metal Total Hip Arthroplasty|journal=The Journal of Arthroplasty|volume=25|issue=5|year=2010|pages=700–708|issn=0883-5403|doi=10.1016/j.arth.2009.05.018}}</ref> These are used to describe the location of for example areas of loosening.]]

Absence of cement in zone 7 (medially-proximally) needs to be noted. On a lateral image, the distal tip of the prosthesis should be centered, and not be in contact with the cortex.<ref name=SOA/> The cup should not have translucent zones in zone 1 and 2. It is acceptable to have translucent zones in parts of zone 3.<ref name=SOA/>

====Fractures====
Have at least a glance at bony contours around the prosthesis in order to detect intraoperative fractures.
<gallery>
File:Intraoperative acetabular fracture, annotated.jpg|Intraoperative acetabular fracture
</gallery>

===Report===
The postoperative report should include:<ref name=SOA/>
*Prosthesis configuration. If the report is likely to undergo double reading, the parameters may be given in numbers even if within normal limits.
*Cement coverage.

{|class="wikitable"
|+ Normal report
! Basic !! Comprehensive
|-
| (Total) hip replacement with unremarkable configuration and cement coverage
| Post-operative images of total hip replacement with unremarkable configuration:
*Acetabular inclination: ___°
*Acetabular anteversion: ___°
*The right leg is ___ longer than the left, as measured at the minor trochanters.
*Equal centers of rotation.
*Proper cement coverage.
|}
{{Public Domain example}}
{{Reporting}}

==Further follow-ups: Complications==
Further follow-ups after the initial postoperative image are focused on various complications.

===Dislocation===
<gallery widths=200 heights=200>
File:Dislocated hip replacement.jpg|Dislocated artificial hip
File:Hip prosthesis liner creep and wear.png|Liner wear, particularly when over 2 mm, increases the risk of dislocation.<ref name=berry2012>{{cite book|title=Surgery of the Hip|url=https://books.google.se/books?id=Kc-AhYLnIF4C&pg=PA1035|author=Daniel J. Berry, Jay Lieberman|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|year=2012|isbn=9781455727056|page=1035}}</ref> Liner creep, on the other hand, is normal remoulding.<ref name=Watt/>
</gallery>

===Fracture===
Post-operative femoral fractures are graded by the Vancouver classification:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Type
! Description
|-
| A
| Fracture in the [[human trochanter|trochanteric]] region
|-
| B1
| Fracture around stem or just below, with well fixed stem
|-
| B2
| Fracture around stem or just below, with loose stem but good proximal bone
|-
| B3
| Fracture around stem or just below, with poor quality or severely comminuted proximal bone
|-
| C
| Fracture below theprosthesis
|}

===Loosening===
[[File:Hip joint aseptic loosening ar1938-1.png|thumb|upright|Hip prosthesis displaying aseptic loosening (arrows)]]

On radiography, it is normal to see thin radiolucent areas of less than 2 mm around hip prosthesis components, or between a cement mantle and bone. However, these may still indicate loosening of the prosthesis if they are new or changing, and areas greater than 2 mm may be harmless if they are stable.<ref name="RothMaertz2012"/> The most important prognostic factors of cemented cups are absence of radiolucent lines in DeLee and Charnley zone I, as well as adequate cement mantle thickness.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Well-Cemented Total Hip Arthroplasty: Theory and Practice|url=https://books.google.se/books?id=PQ6NZAeJUXcC&pg=PA337&lpg=PA336|author=Steffen Breusch, Henrik Malchau|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2005|isbn=978-3-540-24197-3|page=336}}</ref> In the first year after insertion of uncemented femoral stems, it is normal to have mild subsidence (less than 10 mm).<ref name="RothMaertz2012">{{cite journal|last1=Roth|first1=Trenton D.|last2=Maertz|first2=Nathan A.|last3=Parr|first3=J. Andrew|last4=Buckwalter|first4=Kenneth A.|last5=Choplin|first5=Robert H.|title=CT of the Hip Prosthesis: Appearance of Components, Fixation, and Complications|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=32|issue=4|year=2012|pages=1089–1107|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/rg.324115183}}</ref>

===Report===
Further follow-up reports should include at least:
*Dates of the images used for comparison
*Absence of change in position, or a description of any change.<ref name=SOA/>
*Absence or of loosening, or a description of it.<ref name=SOA/>

{{Reporting}}

{{Bottom}}

X-ray of hip dysplasia

2019-09-13T09:11:22Z

Mikael Häggström: /* Report */ {{Public Domain example}}

[[File:Dislocated hip.jpg|thumb|Hip dysplasia with right-sided hip dislocation.]]
{{Top
|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]
|author2=Authors of integrated Creative Commons article<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016">Initially largely copied from: {{cite journal|last1=Ruiz Santiago|first1=Fernando|last2=Santiago Chinchilla|first2=Alicia|last3=Ansari|first3=Afshin|last4=Guzmán Álvarez|first4=Luis|last5=Castellano García|first5=Maria del Mar|last6=Martínez Martínez|first6=Alberto|last7=Tercedor Sánchez|first7=Juan|title=Imaging of Hip Pain: From Radiography to Cross-Sectional Imaging Techniques|journal=Radiology Research and Practice|volume=2016|year=2016|pages=1–15|issn=2090-1941|doi=10.1155/2016/6369237}} [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)] license</ref>
|author3=
}}

'''[[Projectional radiography]] ("X-ray") of dysplasia of the [[hip joint]]''' (also termed developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)) is where the socket portion does not fully cover the ball portion, resulting in an increased risk for [[joint dislocation]].<ref name=OA2013>{{cite web |url=http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00347 |title=Your Orthopaedic Connection: Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip |date=October 2013}}</ref>

==Planning==
{{Hip dysplasia - choice of modality}}

===Projections===
*Anteroposterior view including both hip joints.<ref>[https://books.google.se/books?id=oMVOCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA317 Page 317] in: {{cite book|title=Pediatric Orthopedics in Practice|author=Fritz Hefti|publisher=Springer|year=2015|isbn=9783662468104}}</ref>
*Some guidelines also recommend a Lauenstein ("frog leg") projection.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Radiographic-Outcomes-and-Evaluation-of-Dysplasia-Ventura-Monteiro/5d73260cfec142bee85d5a814e07f0ad63dde2ef|title=Radiographic Outcomes and Evaluation of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip in Children|author=Sandra M. Rua Ventura, Altino Monteiro|year=2010|publisher=Polytechnic Institute of Porto}}</ref>

===Image quality checking===
[[File:Image quality checking of pediatric pelvis.jpg|thumb|250px|Image quality checking.]]
*'''Obturator foramen diameter ratio''' (of Tönnis): A quotient of rotation that can be evaluated by dividing the horizontal diameter of the obturator foramen of the right side and that of the left. In neutral rotation the ratio is 1 but is considered to be acceptable when it is between 0.56 and 1.8.<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/>
*'''Symphysis os-ischium angle''' (of Tönnis): This evaluates the pelvic position in the sagittal plane. Lines are drawn from the highest point of the ischium to the most prominent point of the symphysis, joining at the inside of the pelvis. The range of normal values is from 90 to 135° and is related to the infant’s age.<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/>

==Measurements in children==
The most useful lines and angles that can be drawn in the pediatric pelvis assessing DDH are as follows:<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/>

<gallery mode=packed heights=300>
File:X-ray of measurements on a normal hip.jpg|Normal hip.<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/>
File:X-ray of measurements in hip dysplasia.jpg|Hip dysplasia.<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/>
</gallery>

*(A) '''Hilgenreiner line'''. It is considered a basal line joining the top aspect of the triradiate cartilages. This line is used to measure the acetabular angle and as a reference for Perkin line.
*(B) '''Perkin line''' is perpendicular to Hilgenreiner line, touching the lateral margin of the acetabulum. This leads to four quadrants and a normal femoral head has to be located in the inferomedial quadrant. We can measure the lateral displacement of the femoral head with regard to the Perkin line by dividing the width of the head that crosses the Perkin line by the diameter of the head. The value for patients under 3 years must be 0 and in older children this ranges from 0 to 22%.
*(C) '''Shenton line''' is a continuous arc drawn from the inner edge of the femoral neck to the superior margin of the obturator foramen. In children over about 3 to 4 years of age, this line should be smooth and undisrupted, otherwise it may indicate a fracture or hip dysplasia.<ref>Page [https://books.google.se/books?id=EKlGaJAv4y0C&pg=PA1000 Page 1000] in: {{cite book|title=Lovell and Winter's Pediatric Orthopaedics|author=Wood W. Lovell, Robert B. Winter, Raymond T. Morrissy, Stuart L. Weinstein|year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781753586}}</ref>
*(D) The '''acetabular index''' measures the acetabular roof slope. It is the most useful measure of acetabular dysplasia until 6 years of age. It is formed between Hilgenreiner line and the acetabular roof. In newborns, values of '''30° ±4° in females''' and '''26° ±5° in males''' are considered normal. Gradually this angle becomes smaller, with a mean value of '''20° ±3° in females''' and '''18° ±4° in males''' at 1 year of age.

<gallery mode=packed heights=210px>
File:Acetabular index by age in males.png|Acetabular index by age in males.<ref name="Akel2013">{{cite journal|last1=Akel|first1=İbrahim|title=Acetabular index values in healthy Turkish children between 6 months and 8 years of age: a cross-sectional radiological study|journal=Acta Orthopaedica et Traumatologica Turcica|volume=47|issue=1|year=2013|pages=38–42|issn=1017995X|doi=10.3944/AOTT.2013.2832}}</ref>
File:Acetabular index by age in females.png|Acetabular index by age in females.<ref name="Akel2013"/>
</gallery>
*(E) The '''medial articular joint space''' is measured between the medial border of the femoral head or neck (when epiphysis is not ossified) and the acetabular platform. Normal values range between 5 and 12 mm. Differences greater than 1.5 mm between the two sides are considered abnormal.

Also check for any asymmetric or age-inconsistent ossification of the femoral heads.

===Further workup===
[[File:Reimer's migration index (crop).png|thumb|300px|Reimer's migration index.]]
In case of hip dysplasia, also perform the following:
*'''Reimer's migration index''' (MI), also called the ''femoral extrusion index'',<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/> in order to detect and quantify any hip dislocation. It is the horizontal distance (parallel to the ''Hilgenreiner Line'') between the Perkin line and the lateral border of the ossification center of the femoral head, divided by the horizontal width of the ossification center. The migration index is normally less than 33% by most sources,<ref name=Persiani>{{cite web|url=http://www.actaorthopaedica.be/acta/download/2008-5/06-Persiani%20et%20al.pdf|title=Hip subluxation and dislocation in cerebral palsy: Outcome of bone surgery in 21 hips|author1=Pietro PERSIANI|author2=Iakov MOLAYEM|year=2008|author3=Alessandro CALISTRI|author4=Stefano ROSI|author5=Marco BOVE|author6=Ciro VILLANI|journal=Acta Orthop. Belg.}}</ref> but 25% and 30% has also been suggested.<ref name="StottPiedrahita2007">{{cite journal|last1=Stott|first1=N Susan|last2=Piedrahita|first2=Luis|title=Effects of surgical adductor releases for hip subluxation in cerebral palsy: an AACPDM evidence report*|journal=Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology|volume=46|issue=9|year=2007|pages=628–645|issn=00121622|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8749.2004.tb01029.x}}</ref>

===Report===
*Absence or presence of signs of hip dysplasia, including at least any abnormal measurement.
:*If hip dysplaia, also report:
::*'''Reimer's migration index''', with a subjective grading of lateralization.
::*Even normal '''ossification''' of the femoral heads.

Example:
{|class="wikitable"
| [[File:X-ray of measurements in hip dysplasia, with numbers.jpg|150px]]
| Left-sided hip dysplasia, with normal acetabular index. Mild lateralization, with Reimer's migration index of 35%. Normal ossification of the femoral heads.
{{Public Domain example}}
|}

{{Reporting}}

==Measurements in adults==
===landmarks===
In the adult hip there are important landmarks to be recognized on plain film radiographs:<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/>
[[File:Iliopectineal line, ilioischial line, tear drop, acetabular fossa, and anterior and posterior wall of the acetabulumi.jpg|250px|left]]
[[File:X-ray of hip dysplasia in adult.jpg|thumb|X-ray of the hips of a 40-year-old female, with dysplasia of her right hip.]]
*The '''iliopectineal or iliopubic line''' is formed by the arcuate line of the ilium and the superior border of the superior pubic ramus up to the pubic symphysis. It conforms to the inner margin of the pelvic ring and it is part of the anterior column of the acetabulum.
*The '''ilioischial line''' of Köhler begins at the medial border of the iliac wing and extends along the medial border of the ischium to end at the ischial tuberosity. It is part of the posterior column of the acetabulum.
*The '''acetabular floor'''.
*The '''teardrop''' represents a summation of shadows. Its medial aspect corresponds to the inner cortex of the pelvis and the lateral edge with the acetabular notch and the anteroinferior portion of the quadrilateral plate. It is not present at birth but gradually develops due to pressure of the femoral head.

===Measurements===
*'''Fossa/ilioischial relationship''': In normal conditions the floor of the acetabular fossa is lateral to the ilioischial line by 2 mm in men and 1 mm in women. When the acetabular floor overlaps or overpasses the ilioischial line, the diagnosis of coxa profunda can be made. Nevertheless, coxa profunda had been found in 76% of asymptomatic hips, mainly in women. Therefore, this as an isolate criterion is not enough to make the diagnosis of pincer-type impingement. A more severe condition is protrusio acetabuli, diagnosed when the femoral head overlaps or overpasses the ilioischial line.<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/>
<gallery mode=packed heights=150>
File:X-ray of coxa profunda.jpg|Figure 5 (b). Coxa profunda.<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/>
File:X-ray of protrusio acetabuli.jpg|thumb|Figure 5 (c). Protrusio acetabuli.<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/>
</gallery>
*'''Joint space''': In the adult hip, normal joint space ranges from 3 to 5 mm and must be uniform. Values under 2 mm are consistent with joint space narrowing.<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/>

{|class="wikitable"
|+ Other measurements in adult hip.<ref group="notes">Unless otherwise specified in boxes, reference is the one marked in header.</ref><ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/>
|-
! Measurement !! Image !! Target !! Normal value
|-
! Acetabular depth ratio
| [[File:Acetabular depth ratio.jpg|170px]]
| Deepness of acetabulum.
*The width is measured between the inferior margin of the teardrop and the lateral rim of the acetabulum.<ref name="LaborieEngesæter2013">{{cite journal|last1=Laborie|first1=Lene Bjerke|last2=Engesæter|first2=Ingvild Øvstebø|last3=Lehmann|first3=Trude Gundersen|last4=Sera|first4=Francesco|last5=Dezateux|first5=Carol|last6=Engesæter|first6=Lars Birger|last7=Rosendahl|first7=Karen|title=Radiographic measurements of hip dysplasia at skeletal maturity—new reference intervals based on 2,038 19-year-old Norwegians|journal=Skeletal Radiology|volume=42|issue=7|year=2013|pages=925–935|issn=0364-2348|doi=10.1007/s00256-013-1574-y}}</ref>
*The depth is measured perpendicularly from the midpoint of the width line.<ref name="LaborieEngesæter2013"/>
| >250
*Less indicates a dysplastic hip
|-
! Center-edge angle of Wiberg
| [[File:Center-edge angle of Wiberg.jpg|170px|left]]
| The superior-lateral coverage of the femoral head.
|
*>20° (<55 years old)<ref name="wiberg" group="notes">This can also be used in children. At between 5 and 10 years, the minimum normal value is 15°.</ref>
*<24° (>55 years old)<ref name="wiberg" group="notes"/>
*>40° indicates overcoverage
|-
! Reimer's migration index<ref name=Persiani>{{cite web|url=http://www.actaorthopaedica.be/acta/download/2008-5/06-Persiani%20et%20al.pdf|title=Hip subluxation and dislocation in cerebral palsy: Outcome of bone surgery in 21 hips|author1=Pietro PERSIANI|author2=Iakov MOLAYEM|year=2008|author3=Alessandro CALISTRI|author4=Stefano ROSI|author5=Marco BOVE|author6=Ciro VILLANI|journal=Acta Orthop. Belg.}}</ref>
| [[File:Femoral extrusion index.jpg|170px]]
| The percentage of the femoral head that lies outside of the acetabular roof. It is also called the ''femoral extrusion index''. || <25%
|-
! Tönnis angle
| [[File:Tönnis angle of the hip.jpg|170px]]
| Slope of the sourcil (the sclerotic weight-bearing portion of the acetabulum)
| 0 to 10°
*>10° is a risk factor for instability
*<0° is a risk factor for pincer impingement
|-
! Caput-sourcil angle<ref name="FaWang2014">{{cite journal|last1=Fa|first1=Liangguo|last2=Wang|first2=Qing|last3=Ma|first3=Xiangxing|title=Superiority of the modified Tönnis angle over the Tönnis angle in the radiographic diagnosis of acetabular dysplasia|journal=Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine|volume=8|issue=6|year=2014|pages=1934–1938|issn=1792-0981|doi=10.3892/etm.2014.2009}}</ref>
| [[File:Caput-sourcil angle.jpg|170px]]
| Superior to the Tönnis angle in cases without joint space narrowing or subluxation.<ref name="FaWang2014"/> The medial point of the sourcil is defined as being at the same height as the most superior point of caput femoris.
| −6 to 12°<ref name="FaWang2014"/>
*>12° is a risk factor for instability
*<-6° is a risk factor for pincer impingement
|-
! Sharp angle
| [[File:Sharp angle of the hip.jpg|170px]]
| Acetabular slope
| <45°
*Greater indicates acetabular dysplasia
|-
! Cervical diaphyseal angle
| [[File:Cervical diaphyseal angle of the hip.jpg|170px]]
| The angle formed between the femoral neck and femoral diaphysis
| 120° to 140°
*Higher indicates coxa valga
*Lower indicates coxa vara
|}

On CT, the '''anterior center-edge Lequesne’s angle''' can be measured in a false profile view of the hip or in a sagittal CT scan. In this case the tangent line touches the anterior rim of the acetabulum. Values under 20° indicate undercoverage of the femoral head.<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/>

The '''sciatic spine and posterior wall signs''' are other signs associated with acetabular retroversion. The first one is considered positive when the sciatic spine is projected medial to the iliopectineal line in an AP radiography of the spine, indicating that it is not just the acetabulum but the whole hemipelvis that is twisted into retroversion. The second sign is considered positive when the posterior wall edge is medial to the center of the femoral head, indicating deficiency of the posterior wall.<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/>

Although femoral version or torsion can be measured by radiographs, CT overcomes the inconsistencies demonstrated in the measurements made by biplane radiography.<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/>

{{Bottom}}

Nephrostomy change

2019-09-13T09:10:23Z

Mikael Häggström: /* Report */ {{Public Domain example}}

{{Top
|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]
|author2=
}}

The following procedure refers to the replacement of a transcutaneous pigtail catheter where the tip is intended to be in the renal pelvis.

==Main steps==
[[File:Pigtail catheter settings.jpg|thumb|300px|Various settings of a pigtail catheter with locking string, obturator (also called ''stiffening cannula'') and puncture needle. <br>'''A'''. Overview <br>'''B'''. Both puncture needle and obturator engaged. (not used in nephrostomy change)<br>'''C'''. Puncture needle retracted. Obturator engaged. In nephrostomy change, remove any puncture needle before the intervention<br>'''D'''. Both obturator and puncture needle retracted, when the catheter is in the renal pelvis. <br>'''E'''. Locking string is pulled (bottom center) and then wrapped and attach to the superficial end of the catheter.]]
<nowiki>*</nowiki> denotes the steps that should be done in fluoroscopy.

===Preparations===
*Consider ensuring that a senior colleague is available for '''assistance''' if needed.
*'''Engage the obturator''' of the catheter, but loose enough so that you can remove it with one hand if needed.
*'''Position the patient''' on the side

Time usually allotted: 30 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bsuh.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2016/09/change-of-nephrostomy.pdf|title=Change of Nephrostomy|website=Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals}} Publication Date: February 2018.</ref>
{{Low risk of bleeding|PT=no}}

===Removal of previous catheter===
*'''Check the position of the previous catheter tip''' with a few ml of iodinated contrast (enough to delineate the renal pelvis but yet not obscuring the catheter tip), preferably in two projections such as a lateral and a more frontal one.* <br>''[[#Troubleshooting|Troubleshooting: Catheter in calyx]]''
*'''Loosen''' the pigtail<ref group="notes" name="loosen">Often by loosening a thread that keeps the pigtail spiraled.</ref>
*'''Insert a guidewire''' (such as Amplatz) into the renal pelvis or proximal ureter.* <br>''[[#Troubleshooting|Troubleshooting: Cannot advance guidewire]]''
*'''Remove the previous catheter''' while keeping the guidewire in place<ref group="notes">Always keep at least one hand on the guidewire. The grip needs to be switched to just above the skin as the catheter tip exits.</ref>.* <br>''[[#Troubleshooting|Troubleshooting: Catheter stuck]]''

===Insertion of new catheter===
*'''Insert the new catheter''' with obturator over the guidewire,<ref group="notes>It is useful to let an assistant advance the catheter tip until reaching skin level, letting you keep the position of the guidewire.</ref> keeping the same direction as the guidewire through the tissues to avoid pulling or kinking it.*
*'''Enter the renal pelvis''' with the obturator, and then advance with only the soft catheter.*
*'''Confirm proper location''' within the renal pelvis by injection of a few ml of contrast, with two projections from different directions.*
*'''Fixate the pigtail''' of the catheter.
*'''Confirm functionality''' by injection of a few ml of contrast, looking for spontaneous dripping from the catheter when left open, as well as aspiration of the contrast.* <br>Check whether there is blood or pus in the aspirate or spontaneous return.
*'''Attach the outside''' end of the catheter to a bag.<ref group=notes>Plug it only if there is a clear plan to attach a bag at a specific later time.</ref>
*'''Fixate the catheter to the skin''', preferably both directly at insertion as well as enough to the side to have a soft S-shaped bend of the catheter in order to give certain room for stretching without pulling the catheter.

==Troubleshooting==
;Catheter in calyx
If a previous pigtail catheter is located in a calyx, '''push it in''' with a stiff guidewire (such as Amplatz). If this is not directly successful, try:
*Push the catheter from different '''angles''', and/or '''rotate'''.*
*Use the '''stiffer''' end of the Amplatz wire.
*'''Loosen''' the pigtail.<ref group="notes" name="loosen"/>
If this is not successful, possibly use a '''hydrophilic''' guidewire to reach the renal pelvis, on which to switch catheters.*

;Cannot advance guidewire
This is probably because of kidney stones in the catheter. Possible measures:
*Try a '''hydrophilic''' or '''smaller guidewire''' in order to get through the catheter.
*Advance '''around''' the catheter with a larger tube.
*If the catheter has been used for weeks, it can generally be pulled out, and a new catheter inserted through the '''same tunnel''' without any guidewire.

;Catheter stuck
If a previous pigtail catheter can not be pulled out after loosening of the pigtail threads, it may help to '''cut off the pigtail threads''' by the external tip, or even cutting off the entire external tip, which may loosen the threads.

==Report==
*'''Position''' of the previous catheter.
*Absence of '''complications''', or a description thereof.
*'''Type, size and position''' of the new catheter.
*'''Color of urine'''. Signs of blood or pus, if suspected.

{|class="wikitable"
| Example:<br>Previous/Old pigtail is located in an inferior calyx. It it pushed into the renal pelvis with an Amplatz guidewire, followed by change to a new 8 French pigtail catheter with locking string. No complications. Spontaneous return of clear urine.
{{Public Domain example}}
|}
{{Reporting}}
{{Bottom}}

Template:Public Domain example

2019-09-13T09:08:45Z

Mikael Häggström: Formatting

:''This example is [https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ Public Domain], and can be copied without any need for author attribution.''

Template:Public Domain example

2019-09-13T09:08:19Z

Mikael Häggström: Described

<font size=1>This example is [https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ Public Domain], and can be copied without any need for author attribution</font>

X-ray of leg length in children

2019-09-13T09:07:12Z

Mikael Häggström: /* Report */ Public Domain example

{{Top
|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]
|author2=
}}

==Planning==
===Indications===
Suspected leg length discrepancy.

===Projections===
X-ray scanogram or 3-joint standing X-ray with ruler.<ref name=ColumbiaU>{{cite web|url=https://www.columbiadoctors.org/condition/leg-length-discrepancy-pediatric|title=Leg Length Discrepancy (Pediatric)|website=Columbia University|accessdate=2019-02-14}}</ref> Full limb X-ray should not be used because of projectional distortion.

==Evaluation==
[[File:Leg length measurement on X-ray.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Projectional radiography|X-rays]] for leg length measurement.]]
Using the ruler in the images (either directly or for calibration of measuring software), measure the femur and the tibia both separately and combined. Various measuring points for these purposes have been described,<ref group="notes" name="differences">Apart from the points mentioned in this article, articles have suggested for example a line between the femoral condyles for both the femur and the tibia as a surrogate for both the distal end of the femur and the proximal end of the tibia:<br>- {{cite journal|last1=Werlang|first1=Henrique Zambenedetti|last2=Oliveira|first2=Gabriel Antônio de|last3=Tamelini|first3=Ana Maria|last4=Madalosso|first4=Ben Hur|last5=Maciel Júnior|first5=Francisco da Silva|title=Escanometria dos membros inferiores: revisitando Dr. Juan Farill|journal=Radiologia Brasileira|volume=40|issue=2|year=2007|pages=137–141|issn=0100-3984|doi=10.1590/S0100-39842007000200014}}<br>Another definition of femoral length is between the center of the femoral head and the center of the femoral notch, and the tibia length as between the center of the tibial plateau and the center of the tibial plafond.<br>- {{cite journal|last1=Guenoun|first1=B.|last2=Zadegan|first2=F.|last3=Aim|first3=F.|last4=Hannouche|first4=D.|last5=Nizard|first5=R.|title=Reliability of a new method for lower-extremity measurements based on stereoradiographic three-dimensional reconstruction|journal=Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research|volume=98|issue=5|year=2012|pages=506–513|issn=18770568|doi=10.1016/j.otsr.2012.03.014}}</ref> but a functional method is to measure the distances between joint surfaces:<ref name=Sabharwal2008>{{cite journal|last1=Sabharwal|first1=Sanjeev|last2=Kumar|first2=Ajay|title=Methods for Assessing Leg Length Discrepancy|journal=Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research|volume=466|issue=12|year=2008|pages=2910–2922|issn=0009-921X|doi=10.1007/s11999-008-0524-9}}</ref>
*Femur length: The superior aspect of the femoral head to the distal portion of the medial femoral condyle.
*Tibial length: The medial tibial plateau to the tibial plafond.
*Combined: The superior aspect of the femoral head to the tibial plafond.<ref name="combined" group="notes">Alternatively, it could be calculated as the sum of the femur length and the tibial length, but this omits the knee joint distance. Nevertheless, the measuring method does not need to be mentioned in the report, because in the rare occurrence that anyone needs to know what method was used, they can mathematically conclude whether the combined length is the sum of the femur and the tibia, or whether it is slightly longer because of the included knee joint.</ref>

Also take at least a quick look at all the projected skeleton for any other apparent deformities.

==Report==
*Femoral and tibial length on both sides, their difference, as well as the points used for the measurements.<ref group="notes" name="differences"/>
*Total length of these, and their difference.

Example:
{|class="wikitable"
| The femur measures 424.6 mm on the right side and 421.5 mm on the left (3 mm shorter), measured down to the medial condyle.

The tibia measures 340.0 mm on the right side and 322.9 mm on the left (17.1 mm shorter), measured between the medial plateau and the plafond.

Combined, these measure 768.9 mm on right side and 747.6 mm on left (21.3 mm shorter).<ref name="combined" group="notes"/>

{{Public Domain example}}
|}
{{Reporting}}
{{Bottom}}

Radlines:Copyright

2019-09-13T09:05:06Z

Mikael Häggström: Linked

All content in Radlines is open access. Everything in Radlines is by default published under the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)] license, meaning that those reusing the content must mentioning the names or organizations of the creators. Radlines also accepts works released into the [https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ Public Domain], that is, without any restrictions. The status of each image is seen on their description pages (found by clicking the image).

==Creative Commons Attribution 4.0==
For all Radlines material, including images, you are free to:
*'''Share''' — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
*'''Adapt''' — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.

Under the following terms:
*'''Attribution''' — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. Taking [[X-ray of the abdomen and pelvis]] as example, the wording of such attribution may be as follows, or variants thereof:
::*{{cite web|url=https://radlines.org/X-ray_of_the_abdomen_and_pelvis|title=X-ray of the abdomen and pelvis|date={{{{{|safesubst:}}}#time:j F Y}}|author=Mikael Häggström}} From [https://radlines.org Radlines.org]
::*Mikael Häggström, [https://radlines.org/Main Radlines.org]
:However, attribution is not legally required if only using Public Domain images from Radlines articles.

'''No additional restrictions''' — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
:*You are allowed to assign a more restrictive license to your work as a whole, but not specifically claim that any integrated content from Radlines has a more restrictive license.

:''Further legal information: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0) license]

Licensing of content under CC-BY without further restrictions allows it to be used by almost all medical journals, since this is the most common licensing of at least open access journals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://doaj.org/search#.XBqMAVVKj0N|website=Directory of Open Access Journals|title=Search by Journal license|accessdate=2018-12-19}}</ref>

==Copyright for authors==
For all publications, ''authors'' retain copyright (but allow sharing and reuse as per the license). Authors may thereby choose at a later time to use a less restrictive license, such as making a CC-BY work Public Domain.

==Importing works==
For any material within a work that is not available under a license permitted in Radlines, authors must gain written consent from the copyright holder(s) to publish the work under a permitted license.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Icon !! Description !! Acronym !! Permitted in Radlines
|-
| [[File:CC0 button.svg|alt=CC0 icon|88px]] || [https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ Freeing content into the Public Domain, without restrictions] || [https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ CC0] ||style="background:#9F9"| Yes
|-
| [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|alt=CC-BY icon|88px]] || Attribution alone || CC-BY ||style="background:#9F9"| Yes, as long as the source page and/or author is attributed, such as by a [[Radlines:Editorial_guidelines#References|Reference]]. Image creators are attributed at the image description pages that shows when clicking on them.
|-
| [[File:CC-BY-SA icon.svg|alt=CC-BY-SA icon|88px]] || Attribution + ShareAlike || CC-BY-SA ||style="background:#F99"| No
|-
| [[File:Cc-by-nc icon.svg|alt=CC-by-NC icon|88px]] || Attribution + Noncommercial || CC-BY-NC ||style="background:#F99"| No
|-
| [[File:Cc-by-nd icon.svg|alt=CC-BY-ND icon|88px]] || Attribution + NoDerivatives || CC-BY-ND ||style="background:#F99"| No
|}

:Further information about the licenses at Creative Commons: [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ About The Licenses]

Also make sure to integrate imported content to fit [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines]].

===Non-copyrightable works===
Medical images (including radiographs, CT images etc) cannot be copyrightable if produced in certain countries, including the United States, see [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikilegal/Copyright_of_Medical_Imaging Wikilegal/Copyright of Medical Imaging]. Therefore, it is acceptable to import medical images created in the United States to Radlines without permission from the creator, and should be tagged as {{tl|PD-US-Medical imaging}}, which will give the following information:
{{PD-US-Medical imaging}}

Similarly, data and factual information are ''not'' protected by copyright, and considered to be public domain once published. Additionally, simple representations and visualisations of data (e.g. tables and barcharts) are typically not creative enough to be eligible for copyright protection. As such, these types of material may be freely imported to Radlines without permission.

==Relation to Wikipedia==
All content in Radlines can be copied to Wikipedia as long as appropriate attribution is made. The other way around, Wikipedia images (as well as images from [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikimedia Commons]) that have a compatible license can be used in Radlines. However, because the text in Wikipedia articles is licensed under [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License a Attribution + ShareAlike license], Wikipedia text cannot be directly copied to Radlines. Similarly, Wikipedia images released under a ShareAlike license can only be used with written permission from the author to have it published under CC BY or CC0. A response by private email is generally sufficient for this purpose. It is even more beneficial if the author agrees to change the license of the work at Wikipedia, such as changing the licensing template to {{tl|Cc-by-4.0}} on image description pages. If a more rigorous procedure is warranted, the author may store a permission note in the release generator of Wikimedia: https://tools.wmflabs.org/relgen/

==Plagiarism==
Works uploaded to Radlines must not contain plagiarised material, unless legally permitted by the license or other legislation that covers the material at hand, or with permission of the copyright holder. This includes:

*Text, images, or data that is copied from any other source
*Ideas, concepts, or analysis from any other source
*Material that is copied from the authors' own published works and without agreement of the editor or publisher of that work

==References==
{{reflist}}

Radlines:Editorial guidelines

2019-09-13T08:59:19Z

Mikael Häggström: /* Sections */ +Purpose

{{Nutshell|
*Use [[#References|references]] where available, with in-line citations
*Add your real name at the top if having [[#Authorship|made significant contributions]]
*New articles '''must''' be [[#Inter-article structure|linked from the main page]] in a sequence that a radiologist would be likely to follow.
*[[#No lists of causes|Do not make lists of causes]]. Instead, explain the differences between the causes.
*When importing material, [[#Radlines is made by humans|integrate]] it with existing Radlines material
[[#How_to_create_a_new_article|Create new article]]
}}

==How to edit==
Editors of articles must be doctors of medicine, or have formal expertise in radiology by other means.

See [[Radlines:About#Participation]] on how to become an active article editor.

Generally, be '''bold''', and make changes whenever you think it will improve the site.

One highly beneficial method for editing is to write while performing the task at hand for an actual case, in order to discern what content is most relevant in that situation.

==="Edit" or "Edit source"===
When clicking "Edit", you use an editor ([https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/VisualEditor VisualEditor]) that is "What You See Is What You Get". When you click "Edit source", you edit in wikitext. It is preferable that you'll get used to using wikitext, such as by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikitext Wikipedia help:Wikitext]. Use [[Radlines:Upload]] for file uploads rather than the Insert > Media in VisualEditor (the latter is not tailored to the project, but please leave a message at the discussion page if you have a solution).

===Recommended approach===
Just start editing, taking the style to look similar to any relatively well developed article such as [[X-ray of hip dysplasia]]. If you do not know the tool or wiki code for what you want to do, just do something that makes it look as similar as possible, such as:

*Headers using UPPER CASE LETTERS
*Reference numbering using brackets, such as [1] in the text, and simply drop the PMID, DOI or web address of the source at the bottom (accurate formatting can be fixed later).

==User page==
A user page is the presentation page of that person, and can be found (and then edited) by clicking the username at top right. Recommended (but not mandatory) content of a user page includes:
*Real name
*Education, experience in radiology as well as current position.
*An '''[[Radlines:Upload|upload]]''' of a portrait of the user.
*An external link to another website presenting the user.
The user page is not a personal website, blog, or social networking medium. They should be used to better participate in the community, and not used to excess for unrelated purposes.

==References==

It is acceptable to write from experience if editing under one's real name rather than a username, although material should preferably still be supported by reliable external sources whenever it is likely that such exists for the topic of a sentence or section. Such external sources should, where available, be secondary ones such as textbooks and reviews rather than primary studies.

When editing under one's real name, it is also acceptable to use a hospital as a reference for local practices, as for example in [[X-ray of knee prosthesis#Reporting]].

Use only in-line referencing,<ref group="notes">Never just add a citation at the bottom of the article, even if it reflects all current content, since verification will be extremely difficult following future content additions</ref> using the "Cite" tab in [[#"Edit" or "Edit source"|"Edit" mode]], and <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki></ref></nowiki></code> in [[#"Edit" or "Edit source"|"Edit source" mode]] (see [[Wikipedia:Help:Footnotes#Footnotes:_the_basics|Wikipedia:Footnotes]] for additional help). With a known doi code for the reference, [https://reftag.appspot.com/doiweb.py the {T} DOI reference generator] can quickly generate the full citation. Likewise, [http://sumsearch.org/cite/ the Biomedical citation maker] can be used to generate full citations from PMID or PMCID.

==Geographic origin==
Geographic origin should be specified in the text for guidelines or other information that are expected to vary, including positive and negative predictive values of investigations (which depend on prevalences and incidences in the population). On the other hand, any geographic origin does not need to be stated for more universal knowledge such as sensitivity and specificity of investigations (which are independent on prevalences and incidences), or imaging findings. Geographic origin can be given in prose such as ''"a US practice is to..."'', or in the beginning of a reference, such as:
*'''USA:''' {{cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=Siva P.|last2=Fishman|first2=Elliot K.|title=Bladder Malignancies on CT: The Underrated Role of CT in Diagnosis|journal=American Journal of Roentgenology|volume=203|issue=2|year=2014|pages=347–354|issn=0361-803X|doi=10.2214/AJR.13.12021}}

===Coding===
In wiki code, it is recommended to add references by within <nowiki><ref> and </ref></nowiki> tags, in addition to adding the {{tl|Top}} and {{tl|Bottom}} templates to their respective places. Such <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags can be automatically generated from the doi codes at this site:
*[https://reftag.appspot.com/doiweb.py {T} DOI Wikipedia reference generator]
*Likewise, PMID or PMCID of articles can be used at this site:
*[http://sumsearch.org/cite/ http://sumsearch.org/cite/]
For example, entering 10.1038/438900a at the former page yields the following text:
*<nowiki><ref name="pmid16355180">{{cite journal| author=Giles J| title=Internet encyclopaedias go head to head. | journal=Nature | year= 2005 | volume= 438 | issue= 7070 | pages= 900-1 | pmid=16355180 | doi=10.1038/438900a | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16355180 }} </ref></nowiki>
When inserted in an article, it gives the following at the bottom:
*{{cite journal| author=Giles J| title=Internet encyclopaedias go head to head. | journal=Nature | year= 2005 | volume= 438 | issue= 7070 | pages= 900-1 | pmid=16355180 | doi=10.1038/438900a | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16355180 }}

===Notes===
Notes are added by adding ''group='' to the ref tag, such as:
*<nowiki><ref name="pitch" group="notes">Detailed explanations and references are located in the</nowiki> [[Calcaneal pitch]]<nowiki> article.</ref></nowiki> <br>,as seen in the article [[X-ray of flat feet]]

===Contentious matters===
Dubious or insufficiently referenced texts should be corrected, removed, or marked with inline cleanup tags, such as:
<br>{{Dubious}} - in source code editing, this is added by the addition of <nowiki>{{Dubious}}</nowiki>.
<br>{{Citation needed}} - by <nowiki>{{Citation needed}}</nowiki>.
<br>{{Better source}} - by <nowiki>{{Better source}}</nowiki>.

When sources have conflicting information, the alternatives are:
*Mention the differences (such as in [[Neck#Trauma]]). This is generally recommended when guidelines come from different countries.
*Choose one that is from a more reliable source, or seems more reasonable. In such cases, a note may be made about alternatives (such as in [[Fluoroscopy of central venous catheters#Notes]]).

==Authorship==
To be mentioned among the authors of an article, a user must:
*Use his/her real name in the author list (regardless of username used for editing).
*Have made a significant contribution to the article. There is no strict cutoff to what is significant, so in case of uncertainty it is recommended to make an entry at the [[Radlines:Discussion page|Discussion page]] of the article on the matter. If there is no response after 4 days, it is acceptable to add oneself in the author list after contributing to the article.
Being listed as an author implies a shared responsibility for the content of the article.

The preferable wiki coding for stating authorship of an article is to add the {{tl|Top}} template, such as in the text below, followed by a {{tl|Bottom}} at the bottom of the article.
:<nowiki>{{Top</nowiki>
:<nowiki>|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]</nowiki>
:<nowiki>|author2=</nowiki>
:<nowiki>}}</nowiki>

When at least one author is listed, and edits have been made by additional users (regardless of fulfilling the criteria above), ''et al.'' should be added to the author list, linking to the "View history" page of the article, in order to denote that the listed author(s) is not the only contributor(s).

When a substantial amount of content (with no strict threshold but often corresponding to about a section) is copied or closely paraphrased from a source with a Creative Commons license that includes attribution (such as [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ CC-BY]), the authors of that article should be mentioned at top, such as "Authors of integrated Creative Commons article" followed by a [[#References|reference]] to that article. If only minor portions of such article is integrated, it is enough to mention the authors by a reference at the integrated material.

==Target audience==
The text should be written to be understood by a medical school graduate with corresponding radiology knowledge. It should be '''concise''', so that a radiologist (or graduate training to become a radiologist) at work can quickly find the information of interest. For example, do not state what the reader most definitely already knows, such as ''"the exam can be done for both emergent and non-emergent reasons"''.

It should assumed that the readers do '''not know the names''' for the radiologic findings at hand, '''nor which conditions''' are causing them when trying to find their way through the inter-article structure of Radlines (described in sext section).

Text can be written in imperative format where appropriate, such as "Look at..." or "Avoid...".

The '''ambition''' should be what is acceptable for a general radiologist without sub-specialization to perform. More detailed evaluations should be linked to separate articles, whose title can begin as "Beyond the acceptable for evaluating...".

==Inter-article structure==
Articles in Radlines can be directly found by search engine, either by the internal search box at top, or external ones. In addition, each article subject should be connected with the main page through links in a series of pages, so that a radiologist can find their way to it by the appearance of that condition. For example, [[Angiomyolipoma]] should be found by clicking links in articles in the following sequence:
{|class="wikitable"
| '''Level''' || Main || Location || Location || Modality+Location || Modality+Presentation+Location || Disease
|-
| '''Example''' || [[Main]] || [[Abdomen and pelvis]] || [[Kidneys]] || [[CT of the kidneys]] || [[CT of renal mass]] || [[Angiomyolipoma]]
|}

There may be variations in the level structure, such as additional levels between the ones above, or articles about diseases in specific locations or by a specific modality.

By linking to further information in other articles, each article should be kept short enough to be read conveniently for a radiologist working with the subject at hand. Practically, this allows for somewhat longer articles for non-emergent exams.

===No orphans===
The creator of a new article must link the article back through a likely sequence that a radiologist would find that condition when seeing it. Articles lacking an unbroken connection to the main page should be tagged with {{Template|Orphan}}, and should be either connected to a sequence or deleted (if the author has been notified of this intention but hasn't made amendments in over two weeks).

Structuring into these levels require more extensive work for more systemic diseases. [[Arthritis]], for example, must be included in articles of multiple joints. It is the responsibility of the creator of such a disease article to add it to all locations where it is well known to be relevant. It may therefore be more simple to start with for example [[X-ray of arthritis of the hand]], which only needs linking from [[X-ray of the hand]].

An author wanting to upload a case must therefore make sure that there is at least a short article about the condition in general, for example a general article about [[angiomyolipoma]] (or CT or other specified modality of angiomyolipoma) when wanting to upload images of an unusual presentation of it.

===Forking===
Forking means to make one or more sub-articles from contents of a longer article. This should be done when the resultant structure better conforms to the inter-article structure above, and also when an article exceeds 15-20 images. The parent article should link to the fork by the following note at the top of the section:
{{Main|Fork title}}
This can be generated by the template [[Template:Main|<nowiki>{{Main|Fork title}}</nowiki>]]. The section of the parent article should also contain a short summary of the most relevant aspects of the topic. As an example, see:
*[[Ultrasonography of the scrotum#Intratesticular tumors]]

==No plain lists of causes==
[[File:No lists of causes.png|thumb|180px]]
[[File:Causes of hip pain.jpg|thumb|Potential causes seen on [[X-ray of hip pain]].]]
When linking to a condition from the previous level in the sequence, it must not be done by including it in a plain list of causes. Rather, it must be integrated so that it is clear ''how'' it is different from other conditions. It can be done in prose (such as at [[CT_urography#Further_evaluation_of_suspected_tumors|Evaluation of suspected bladder tumors]] where for example a lack of enhancement indicates hematoma), and/or a table such as this example of how to include [[Angiomyolipoma]] in the article [[CT of renal mass]]:
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Causes of renal mass: CT findings<ref>{{cite web|url=http://radiologyassistant.nl/en/p571eea20ec282/kidney-solid-masses.html|title=Kidney - Solid masses|website={{RA}}|author=Rinze Reinhard, Mandy van der Zon-Conijn and Robin Smithuis|accessdate=2018-05-26}}</ref>
|-
| [[Angiomyolipoma]] || Macroscopic fat
|-
| [[Renal cell cancer]] || No fat
|-
| etc. || etc.
|}

At least the most common causes should be mentioned in such differentials.

If there is no radiologic appearance that distinguishes the condition from one or more other conditions, then another type of distinctive feature needs to be mentioned, such as a specific clinical symptom, or epidemiology including incidence or prevalence. Images of the conditions are sufficient when the difference is visually obvious.<ref group="notes">Without the rule of no lists of causes, such lists in similar wiki projects such as Radiopaedia tend to develop into excessively long lists, which are not useful at all.</ref>

Exemptions to the rule of no lists of causes:
*[[#Modality+Location articles|Modality+location articles]] may contain a "Diseases" or "Objectives" section. [[#Modality+Location articles|See below for requirements.]]
*If the article as a whole clearly conveys unique characteristics for each listed condition.
*The list has a description that radiologists generally do not need to distinguish between the conditions, and why that is the case. Reasons include that the conditions are rare or insignificant so that radiologists generally do not need to screen for them unless specifically asked by the referring clinician.
{{Current focus}}

For most needed articles, see [[Radlines:Contribute]].

==Radlines is made by humans==
Do not import or generate content in large amounts by automatic applications. It is acceptable to copy-paste text from other sources with compatible licensing (see [[Radlines:Copyright]]), but it needs to be properly integrated into the context of existing Radlines material.

It is acceptable to perform automated maintenance tasks, such as making terminology or organization more consistent, but it should be done with care, because an unusual layout or wording may be better for certain conditions.

Radlines uses [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Categories Categories] for scrolling among less common diseases. However, categories are not a replacement for articles that describe, summarize and distinguish related topics.

==Abbreviations==
Computed tomography should be abbreviated as CT, and magnetic resonance imaging should be abbreviated as MRI, since medical doctors can be presumed to be familiar with these.

Similarly, projectional radiography should be termed '''X-ray''' in article titles, but the introduction should include '''projectional radiography ("X-ray")''' to specify the scope, and X-ray should thereafter be used in article prose as well.

==Images==
Use [[Radlines:Upload]] to upload new files.
*See [[Radlines:Copyright]] for information regarding what images you may upload.
*See [[#Cases]] below for case-related guidelines.

[[File:T1-weighted-MRI.png|thumb|150px|Image description.]]
Images can be added in articles by clicking the "Edit" tab at top and then "Insert" and "Media". In source code, images are added to the right in the text by the following code for an example file "File:T1-weighted-MRI.png":<br>
<nowiki>[[File:T1-weighted-MRI.png|thumb|150px|Image description.]]</nowiki>

For more rendering alternatives, see [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Images Mediawiki:Help:Images]

==Links==
;Internal
Add internal links for words that are notable enough in radiology to have their own article, whether or not that article exists yet or not. In source code editing, internal links are created by adding <nowiki>[[</nowiki> and <nowiki>]]</nowiki> around the word or words. The text can be made different than the linked article title by <nowiki>[[title|text]]</nowiki>. For example, <nowiki>[[Reporting|General notes on reporting]]</nowiki> shows as [[Reporting|General notes on reporting]] but links to the article [[Reporting]].

;External
External links, when not used as [[#References|references]], should be kept in a separate section at the end of an article. They should only include open access pages. External links are not a replacement for writing content in Radlines with the same topic.
<br>In source code, external links are added by <nowiki>[URL title]</nowiki>. For example, with the following code: <br><nowiki>*[https://www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/surgery?showPage=diagnosis&bone=Femur&segment=Proximal AO classification of proximal femur fractures]</nowiki><br>The following link is generated:
*[https://www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/surgery?showPage=diagnosis&bone=Femur&segment=Proximal AO classification of proximal femur fractures]

An exception is radiographic positioning, where links to the corresponding article in [http://www.wikiradiography.net/ wikiradiography] can be added in the body of an article. For example, [[Forearm]] may contain the following links:
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+AP Forearm - AP]
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+Lateral Forearm - Lateral]

==General section recommendations==
Suggested headers for different types of articles are given in their sections below. Still, it is not necessary for the creator of an article to start multiple sections right away, but can let it grow with time by collaborative editing.

Radiographic positioning and settings may contain a link to one or more relevant articles in [http://www.wikiradiography.net/ wikiradiography]. For example, [[Forearm]] may contain the following links:
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+AP Forearm - AP]
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+Lateral Forearm - Lateral]

Sections to generally '''avoid''':
*'''Anatomy''' sections should generally not be used, because any relevant anatomy should be integrated into its context in other sections.
*'''Treatment''', unless regularly performed by radiologists themselves. Otherwise, information about treatment is only relevant if being written together with how it affects the way to plan, evaluate or report on the imaging.
*Section headers without content, where section content should be added right away, or the header be removed.

==Modality+Location articles==

Example: [[CT of the thorax]].

===Sections===
*'''Normal anatomy''', preferably including various age groups, such as at [[X-ray of the hand]]
:*'''"Normal" findings in chronic conditions''', which are generally not used in the diagnosis of that condition. This includes expected findings in congenital conditions whose diagnosis is generally made clinically or genetically close to birth, thereby allowing radiologists to determine if a finding is part of their known condition or because of a new disease or disorder.
*'''Basic screening''', which should generally be done regardless of the issue raised by the referral
*'''Diseases and conditions''' or '''Objectives''':
:*For any entry that does not yet have its own article, preferably only list it if you intend to write that article yourself in a near future.
:*Only include entries that are common or meaningful radiologic referral reasons. For example, [[CT of lung nodules]] is listed in [[CT of the thorax]], and not for example "CT of adenocarcinoma" because it is not a CT diagnosis.
:*Initially, conditions may be included in the article if being short, such as [[CT of the thorax#Lymphadenopathy]]. They should, however, preferably be expanded to own articles that are linked from the Modality+Location article as described in the [[#Inter-article structure]] section above.
:*[[#Templates|Templates (see below)]] can be used to include conditions both in the overall location article as well as the Modality+Location articles, such as {{tl|Diseases and conditions associated with CT and MRI of the head}} being included in [[Head]] and [[MRI of the head]] (while [[CT of the head]] has developed a more detailed list).
:As the list becomes larger, with over 5-10 entries, only the most common or otherwise significant ones should remain in the article, and the rest be moved to anatomic sub-regions or be linked from a separate category page.
*'''Techniques''', with subtypes of the topic at hand, such as [[CT of the thorax]] having a section on CT [[angiography]] of the region.
*'''Report''', containing at least a report on a basic screening of the investigation at hand. It is recommended to also insert the [[#Templates|template]] {{tl|Reporting}} below the header in order to link to general notes about reporting. It does ''not'' need to mention "additional findings upon image evaluation" or similar.

==Modality-unspecific disease or presentation articles==
Examples: [[Urolithiasis]], [[Neck trauma]]

These articles should focus on the planning of the investigation, such as by the following layout:
*'''Planning''', which assumes that there is a referral specifically asking for an investigation of the subject at hand. Recommended subsections include:
:*'''Justification''' of the investigation, such as symptoms raising the suspicion of the condition.
:*'''Choice of modality''', with preferable modalities and their main factors to consider in the choice.
:*'''How soon''' the investigation should be done.

The title should generally not be in plural.

Other aspects of the disease should generally be added at linked modality-specific articles.

Preferably, the section should be written as a template (see [[#Templates]] section below) that can be displayed in the modality-specific articles as well, such as [[Template:Neck trauma - choice of modality]], which is shown both in [[Neck trauma]] and [[CT of the neck in trauma]].

==Modality-specific disease or presentation articles==
Example: [[X-ray of distal radius fracture]]

===Title===
The title should include all the components (such as [[X-ray of distal radius fracture]]) unless the condition is specific for a particular location (such as [[Ultrasonography of appendicitis]]). Adpositions are generally "of", "in" or "for". There is no need for "suspected" or "possible" even for investigations generally used to rule out the disease.

The disease may be either in the plural form (such as in [[X-ray of fractures]]) or singular form (such as in [[X-ray of distal radius fracture]]).

===Sections===
The recommended layout is as follows:
*'''Introduction''', including a definition of the condition, and/or links to parent articles where available. For example, the introduction in the article ''[[X-ray of hip prostheses]]'' can start as ''"For '''[[X-ray of the hip joint]]''' in the presence of a prosthesis..."''.
*'''Planning'''. Possible content includes:
:*'''Choice of modality''', describing when to use available modalities (and not just ''"modalities may include:"'' or similar). This subsection should be written as a template (see [[#Templates]] section below) that can be displayed in modality-unspecific articles as well, such as [[Template:Neck trauma - choice of modality]], which is shown both in [[Neck trauma]] and [[CT of the neck in trauma]]. Include the "Choice of modality" header in the template. Thereby, these templates are editable by clicking the ''edit'' button by that header.
:*'''How soon''' the investigation should be done
:*What '''settings''' or '''sequences''' of for example MRI or CT are recommended
*'''Quality checking''', including signs that the investigation needs to be redone
*'''Analysis''' of '''Findings''', whose structure of subsections should generally be based on appearance, but sometimes on other information that is generally known, such as age of the patient for bone tumors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiologyassistant.nl/en/p494e15cbf0d8d/bone-tumor-systematic-approach-and-differential-diagnosis.html|title=Bone tumor - Systematic approach and Differential diagnosis|author=Henk Jan van der Woude and Robin Smithuis|site={{RA}}|accessdate=2018-05-26}}</ref>
:It is also recommended to link to general screening in CT and MRI for the location at hand, such as [[CT in dementia]] linking to [[CT_of_the_head#Basic_screening|Basic screening of head CT]].
:*'''Further evaluation''', with important concomitant findings when the disease is known, such as staging of cancers.
*'''Report''', preferably including at least one example of a report with typical findings of a disease ([[X-ray of knee prosthesis#Report|Example]]), as well as one report including the most important absences of findings when the disease is important to rule out. It is recommended to also insert the [[#Templates|template]] {{tl|Reporting}} in the section, preferably at the bottom of it but possibly also below the section header. This inserts a link to general notes about reporting. Different levels of comprehensiveness is preferable, such as at [[X-ray of hip prostheses#Report]].

Disease articles can have a short introduction with one or two sentences about pathophysiology, and likewise for symptoms, prognosis and general treatment. Otherwise, these aspects should only be included where relevant in the radiologic differential diagnosis. These aspects are not necessary if the differential diagnosis can be made by visible radiologic findings alone.

==Cases==
Case descriptions should be written entirely in the description page of the uploaded image. Descriptions must include:
*'''Consent note''', for example "Verbal consent"
The following additional data are preferable:
*'''Diagnostic certainty''', from "Possible", "Probable", "Almost certain" to "Certain", or "Not applicable"
*Patient '''age'''
*Patient '''sex'''
*Patient '''history''' and/or '''symptoms'''
*'''Findings''' in the image

===Multiple images===
In cases with 2 or 3 images, it can be done by either:
*Copying the descriptions to each image page.
*Make an article starting as "Case of a ...", and linking to that article in each image page.
*Templating, as described in the [[#Templates]] section below. For this purpose, the steps include:
**Giving the template a title, for example: ''26 year old woman with ectopic pregnancy, description''
**Write the case description on the template page. On the template page, it is also recommended to list all images that belong to the case.
**Press save, and implement the template in each related image.

===Image stacks===
{{Imagestack
|width=250
|title=Title
|align=right
|background=#ffffff
|loop=no
|File:Computed tomography of human brain (16).png|Caption of 1st image
|File:Computed tomography of human brain (15).png|Next image has no caption
|File:Computed tomography of human brain (14).png|
}}

Image stacks such as for CTs and MRIs can be created by choosing "Edit source" and adding for example the following code (resultant stack displayed at right):
{|class="wikitable"
|
<nowiki>{{Imagestack</nowiki>
<br>|width=250
<br>|title=Title
<br>|align=right
<br>|background=#ffffff
<br>|loop=no
<br>|File:Computed tomography of human brain (16).png|Caption of 1st image
<br>|File:Computed tomography of human brain (15).png|Next image has no caption
<br>|File:Computed tomography of human brain (14).png|
<br><nowiki>}}</nowiki>
|}
To make it easier for both yourself and the reader, limit the stack to only the images necessary to demonstrate the conditions at hand.

To move through the images, hover over the image and use scroll wheel, drag the mouse over the image, or click the < or the > above each stack. This functionality should activate when the page is fully loaded, which may take some if there are many images in the stack.

==Interventions==

===Sections===
The recommended layout is as follows:
*'''Planning''' or '''Preparation'''
:*'''Choice of modality'''
:*'''Bleeding''', such as by the template <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Low risk of bleeding|Low risk of bleeding]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>
:*'''Choice''' of material and/or instruments, for example "Transducer choice" for ultrasonographic interventions
:*'''Patient information'''
:*'''Time taken''', which can be given as the time usually allotted to the procedure.
*'''Procedure'''
*'''Report'''

Example: [[Ultrasound-guided hip joint injection]]

==How to create a new article==
You need to create an account and become approved as Editor before being able to create articles. See [[Radlines:About#Participation]]. As an approved Editor, you can create an article as follows:

<div style="align:left; max-width:40em"><inputbox>
type = create
buttonlabel = Create article
placeholder = Enter article title here and click "Create article"
break = no
editintro = Radlines:Article editintro
</inputbox></div>

You also get the alternative to create an article by clicking [[red links]] (terms lacking an article), or by searching for such terms in the search box at top right.

==Templates==
A template has the ability to show the same material in multiple pages, and edits to it show up immediately in all those pages.

===Indications===
{|class="wikitable" align="right"
| This table appears in multiple articles
|-
| {{Diameters of abdominal aorta}}
|}
For example, the template {{tl|Diameters of abdominal aorta}} shows a table of the diameters of the aorta in both of these articles:
*[[CT of abdominal aneurysm]]
*[[Ultrasonography of abdominal aneurysm]]
This avoids contradictions and missed locations when the data needs to be updated.

Templates can be used for data tables, like the example, that are applicable to multiple articles. They can also be used for case descriptions on each related image page as described in the [[#Cases|Cases section]] above.

However, they should not be used for article prose, whose optimal wording often depends on the context of the article.

Common templates include:
*"Choice of modality" sections as described in [[#Modality-specific disease or presentation articles]] above.
*Links to more general information on a topic, such as the {{tl|Reporting}} template which should be added at the end of each such section, or {{tl|X-ray of fractures}} which may be added at the evaluation section of each such article.

===Creation===
<div style="align:left; max-width:40em"><inputbox>
type = create
buttonlabel = Create template
placeholder = Template title
prefix = Template:
break = no
editintro = Radlines:Template editintro
</inputbox></div>

For templates used in articles, preferably make a table box for template content, to show what content belongs to the template, such as <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Low risk of bleeding|Low risk of bleeding]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki> (from top menu, or by placing
:<nowiki>{|class="wikitable"</nowiki>
:<nowiki>|</nowiki>
at the top and
:<nowiki>|}</nowiki>
below template content.

===Implementation===
Write the same title, surrounded by two curly brackets on each side, where the template is needed, such as:<br> <nowiki>{{26 year old woman with ectopic pregnancy, description}}</nowiki>

===Edit===
<div style="align:left; max-width:40em"><inputbox>
type = create
buttonlabel = Edit template
placeholder = Template title
prefix = Template:
break = no
</inputbox></div>
Alternatively, templates can be edited by searching for the template title in the search bar at top, preceded by ''Template:'' but without the curly brackets, such as:<br> ''Template:26 year old woman with ectopic pregnancy, description''

When editing or viewing a template page, the pages where it is used are found at "What links here" in the left menu.

''Technical description of templates in MediaWiki: [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Templates MediaWiki: Help: Templates]

==Variations of English==
Radlines articles may be written in ''American English'' (such as tumor) or ''British English'' (such as tumo'''u'''r). Keep a consistent format within each article; If an article is started in ''American English'', make any additions in ''American English'' as well.

==Talk pages==
Talk pages of each article is found by clicking the "Discussion" tab above. Use the "Edit source" or "Add topic" to make additional entries. Add <code><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code> at the end, which will add your username and timestamp. The "Add a comment" functionality is reserved for readers who do not have Editor permission.

===Introducing new editors===
New editors can be welcomed by adding the following, or similar, on their talk pages (which can be found by entering "User talk:" followed by the username in the search bar):

*Welcome to Radlines! I have received your submitted form, and I have now added you as an editor of Radlines. You will find more information on how to contribute at [[Radlines:Contribute]]. (If the new editor has approved this in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdqCj6TIIx8AuMiWthPWuohwxPoIVz7j0BUAIWQbrq-dT_Kqw/viewform the form]:) I have also added you at [[Radlines:About#Editors]]. You are welcome to add more details about yourself there, as well as at your user page (see [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines#User_page]]). Again, welcome! (Signature)

In source code editing, the above may be added by copy-pasting the following text:
*<code><nowiki>Welcome to Radlines! I have received your submitted form, and I have now added you as an editor of Radlines. You will find more information on how to contribute at [[Radlines:Contribute]]. I have also added you at [[Radlines:About#Editors]]. You are welcome to add more details about yourself there, as well as at your user page (see [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines#User_page]]). Feel free to ask me if you have any further questions. Again, welcome! ~~~~</nowiki></code>

==See also==
*[[Radlines:About]]
*[[Radlines:Copyright]]
{{Bottom}}

User:Mikael Häggström

2019-09-10T14:27:38Z

Mikael Häggström: Wording

[[File:Mikael_Häggström_2017_(wide).jpg|thumb|Mikael Häggström in 2017.]]

I am a medical doctor having done 3 years of residency in radiology at the NU Hospital Group [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NU_Hospital_Group] (public health care) in Sweden.

For articles that I've written, please comment on my talk page about errors or other questionable content: <br>[[User talk:Mikael Häggström]]
<br>Also, feel free to add content to those articles, with or without adding yourself in the author list.

==Past==
I have contributed extensively to Wikipedia. I am also the creator and current editor-in-chief of WikiJournal of Medicine ([http://www.wikijmed.org/ WikiJMed.org]). I created Radlines because of the previous lack of a non-profit, collaborative and yet comprehensive radiology source. For instance, I have no interest in contributing to [https://radiopaedia.org/ Radiopaedia], the currently most comprehensive radiology source, mainly because I think its licensing is too restrictive, and I don't want my material to be displayed next to some large vain ads just to generate profit to the company owning the site. (For more information about Radiopaedia issues, see [[Radlines:About#Differences_from_Radiopaedia|Radlines:Differences from Radiopaedia]]).

==Wikipedia presentation==
See my [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mikael_H%C3%A4ggstr%C3%B6m Wikipedia page] for further information:

<font size=5> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mikael_H%C3%A4ggstr%C3%B6m GO TO MAIN PRESENTATION >>>]</font>

User:Mikael Häggström

2019-09-10T14:25:35Z

Mikael Häggström: Updated

[[File:Mikael_Häggström_2017_(wide).jpg|thumb|Mikael Häggström in 2017.]]

I am a medical doctor having done 3 years of residency in radiology at the NU Hospital Group [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NU_Hospital_Group] (public health care) in Sweden.

For articles that I've written, please comment on my talk page about errors or other questionable content: <br>[[User talk:Mikael Häggström]]
<br>Also, feel free to add content to those articles, with or without adding yourself in the author list.

==Past==
I have contributed extensively to Wikipedia. I am also the creator and current editor-in-chief of WikiJournal of Medicine ([http://www.wikijmed.org/ WikiJMed.org]). I created Radlines because of the previous lack of a non-profit, collaborative and yet comprehensive radiology source. For instance, I have no interest in contributing to [https://radiopaedia.org/ Radiopaedia], the currently most comprehensive radiology source, mainly because I think its licensing is too restrictive, and I don't want my material to be displayed next to some large vain ads just to generate profit to the company owning the site. (For more information about Radiopaedia issues, see [[Radlines:About#Differences_from_Radiopaedia|Radlines:Differences from Radiopaedia]]).

==Wikipedia presentation==
Mikael Häggström, Medical doctor. See my [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mikael_H%C3%A4ggstr%C3%B6m Wikipedia page] for my main presentation page.

<font size=5> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mikael_H%C3%A4ggstr%C3%B6m GO TO MAIN PRESENTATION >>>]</font>

Main

2019-09-09T11:56:05Z

Mikael Häggström: Updated case

__NOTOC__
<div id="mp-topbanner" style="clear:both; position:relative; box-sizing:border-box; width:100%; margin:1.2em 0 6px; min-width:20em; border:1px solid #ddd; background-color:#f9f9f9; color:#000;">

<div style="margin:0.4em; text-align:center;">
<div style="font-size:162%; padding:.1em;">Welcome to [[Radlines:About|Radlines]], open access guidelines for radiologists.</div>
</div>
{| role="presentation" id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin-top:4px; border-spacing: 0px;"

| id="mp-left" class="MainPageBG" style="width:339px; border:1px solid #cef2e0; padding:0; background:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
<imagemap>
File:Anatomy_image_for_main_menu.png|
rect 0 23 82 126 [[Projectional radiography]]
rect 87 23 136 126 [[CT]]
rect 0 129 80 198 [[Ultrasonography]]
rect 85 126 141 198 [[MRI]]
rect 0 198 90 260 [[Fluoroscopy]]
rect 175 51 219 121 [[CT of the head]]
rect 234 54 278 121 [[MRI of the head]]
rect 149 8 329 159 [[Head]]
rect 170 180 232 221 [[CT of the neck]]
rect 237 180 311 221 [[X-ray of the cervical spine]]
rect 162 224 265 270 [[Thyroid]]
rect 147 162 332 273 [[Neck]]
rect 28 296 82 365 [[X-ray of the shoulder]]
rect 28 270 131 370 [[Shoulder]]
rect 21 373 126 489 [[Upper arm]]
rect 21 515 72 574 [[X-ray of the elbow]]
rect 18 491 123 579 [[Elbow]]
rect 3 579 111 635 [[Forearm]]
rect 5 659 59 725 [[X-ray of the wrist]]
rect 3 635 69 733 [[Wrist]]
rect 10 759 59 823 [[X-ray of the hand]]
rect 3 736 67 875 [[Hand]]
rect 139 293 196 365 [[X-ray of the thorax]]
rect 206 293 257 363 [[CT of the thorax]]
rect 136 373 203 424 [[Breast]]
rect 211 394 275 419 [[Heart]]
rect 206 368 306 422 [[Vascular]]
rect 131 270 329 427 [[Thorax]]
rect 141 453 203 491 [[Adrenal glands]]
rect 201 450 255 491 [[Liver]]
rect 257 453 324 491 [[Spleen]]
rect 144 494 239 522 [[Biliary tract]]
rect 237 491 322 522 [[Pancreas]]
rect 147 530 201 574 [[Kidney]]
rect 208 520 247 581 [[Aorta]]
rect 208 581 278 633 [[Vertebral column]]
rect 206 520 322 666 [[Stomach and intestines]]
rect 123 641 178 684 [[Pelvic bones]]
rect 144 522 208 612 [[Urinary system]]
rect 193 610 257 692 [[Urinary system]]
rect 111 692 172 751 [[Hip joint]]
rect 193 733 247 777 [[Female reproductive system]]
rect 252 731 304 777 [[Male reproductive system]]
rect 185 666 316 782 [[Reproductive system]]
rect 75 756 134 841 [[X-ray of the hip]]
rect 72 641 178 846 [[Hip]]
rect 123 427 332 790 [[Abdomen and pelvis]]
rect 72 846 232 1011 [[Thigh]]
rect 214 1016 270 1104 [[X-ray of the knee]]
rect 105 1014 278 1147 [[Knee]]
rect 103 1147 278 1397 [[Lower leg]]
rect 216 1399 270 1471 [[X-ray of the ankle]]
rect 105 1394 278 1474 [[Ankle]]
rect 193 1479 275 1533 [[X-ray of the foot]]
rect 105 1474 280 1538 [[Foot]]
rect 10 1024 82 1124 [[Vascular]]
rect 13 1132 82 1245 [[Musculoskeletal]]
rect 10 1371 90 1482 [[Contrast medium reaction]]
rect 3 1266 98 1487 [[Contrast media]]
desc bottom-left
</imagemap>
| id="mp-right" class="MainPageBG" style="border:1px solid #cedff2; padding:0; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"|

<h2 id="mp-itn-h2" style="margin:0.5em; background:#cedff2; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Emergencies</h2>
<div id="mp-itn" style="padding:0.1em 0.6em;">
*[[Trauma]]
*[[Stroke]]
*[[Contrast medium reaction]]</div>

<h2 id="mp-itn-h2" style="margin:0.5em; background:#cedff2; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">[[Radlines:About|About Radlines]]</h2>
<div id="mp-itn" style="padding:0.1em 0.6em;">
Radlines is an international, collaborative, non-profit, ad-free and open access collection of guidelines in radiology. It is created by doctors, providing quick access to the most relevant information.
<br>Further information: [[Radlines:About]]
<div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles.</div>
</div>

<h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#cedff2; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Case of the month</h2>
<div id="mp-otd" style="padding:0.1em 0.6em 0.5em;">[[File:3D CT of thorax, annotated.jpg|left|320px]]
<br clear="all">Volume rendering of a [[CT scan]] of a the thorax.</div>

<h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#cedff2; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">[[Abdomen and pelvis]]</h2>
{{Abdomen and pelvis locations}}
*[[Abdominal wall]]
[[Abdomen and pelvis|More abdomen and pelvis]]


<h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#cedff2; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Location-unspecific diseases</h2>
*[[Tumors]]
{{Superficial soft tissue diseases}}
|}

Radlines:Editorial guidelines

2019-09-06T09:57:40Z

Mikael Häggström: It

{{Nutshell|
*Use [[#References|references]] where available, with in-line citations
*Add your real name at the top if having [[#Authorship|made significant contributions]]
*New articles '''must''' be [[#Inter-article structure|linked from the main page]] in a sequence that a radiologist would be likely to follow.
*[[#No lists of causes|Do not make lists of causes]]. Instead, explain the differences between the causes.
*When importing material, [[#Radlines is made by humans|integrate]] it with existing Radlines material
[[#How_to_create_a_new_article|Create new article]]
}}

==How to edit==
Editors of articles must be doctors of medicine, or have formal expertise in radiology by other means.

See [[Radlines:About#Participation]] on how to become an active article editor.

Generally, be '''bold''', and make changes whenever you think it will improve the site.

One highly beneficial method for editing is to write while performing the task at hand for an actual case, in order to discern what content is most relevant in that situation.

==="Edit" or "Edit source"===
When clicking "Edit", you use an editor ([https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/VisualEditor VisualEditor]) that is "What You See Is What You Get". When you click "Edit source", you edit in wikitext. It is preferable that you'll get used to using wikitext, such as by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikitext Wikipedia help:Wikitext]. Use [[Radlines:Upload]] for file uploads rather than the Insert > Media in VisualEditor (the latter is not tailored to the project, but please leave a message at the discussion page if you have a solution).

===Recommended approach===
Just start editing, taking the style to look similar to any relatively well developed article such as [[X-ray of hip dysplasia]]. If you do not know the tool or wiki code for what you want to do, just do something that makes it look as similar as possible, such as:

*Headers using UPPER CASE LETTERS
*Reference numbering using brackets, such as [1] in the text, and simply drop the PMID, DOI or web address of the source at the bottom (accurate formatting can be fixed later).

==User page==
A user page is the presentation page of that person, and can be found (and then edited) by clicking the username at top right. Recommended (but not mandatory) content of a user page includes:
*Real name
*Education, experience in radiology as well as current position.
*An '''[[Radlines:Upload|upload]]''' of a portrait of the user.
*An external link to another website presenting the user.
The user page is not a personal website, blog, or social networking medium. They should be used to better participate in the community, and not used to excess for unrelated purposes.

==References==

It is acceptable to write from experience if editing under one's real name rather than a username, although material should preferably still be supported by reliable external sources whenever it is likely that such exists for the topic of a sentence or section. Such external sources should, where available, be secondary ones such as textbooks and reviews rather than primary studies.

When editing under one's real name, it is also acceptable to use a hospital as a reference for local practices, as for example in [[X-ray of knee prosthesis#Reporting]].

Use only in-line referencing,<ref group="notes">Never just add a citation at the bottom of the article, even if it reflects all current content, since verification will be extremely difficult following future content additions</ref> using the "Cite" tab in [[#"Edit" or "Edit source"|"Edit" mode]], and <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki></ref></nowiki></code> in [[#"Edit" or "Edit source"|"Edit source" mode]] (see [[Wikipedia:Help:Footnotes#Footnotes:_the_basics|Wikipedia:Footnotes]] for additional help). With a known doi code for the reference, [https://reftag.appspot.com/doiweb.py the {T} DOI reference generator] can quickly generate the full citation. Likewise, [http://sumsearch.org/cite/ the Biomedical citation maker] can be used to generate full citations from PMID or PMCID.

==Geographic origin==
Geographic origin should be specified in the text for guidelines or other information that are expected to vary, including positive and negative predictive values of investigations (which depend on prevalences and incidences in the population). On the other hand, any geographic origin does not need to be stated for more universal knowledge such as sensitivity and specificity of investigations (which are independent on prevalences and incidences), or imaging findings. Geographic origin can be given in prose such as ''"a US practice is to..."'', or in the beginning of a reference, such as:
*'''USA:''' {{cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=Siva P.|last2=Fishman|first2=Elliot K.|title=Bladder Malignancies on CT: The Underrated Role of CT in Diagnosis|journal=American Journal of Roentgenology|volume=203|issue=2|year=2014|pages=347–354|issn=0361-803X|doi=10.2214/AJR.13.12021}}

===Coding===
In wiki code, it is recommended to add references by within <nowiki><ref> and </ref></nowiki> tags, in addition to adding the {{tl|Top}} and {{tl|Bottom}} templates to their respective places. Such <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags can be automatically generated from the doi codes at this site:
*[https://reftag.appspot.com/doiweb.py {T} DOI Wikipedia reference generator]
*Likewise, PMID or PMCID of articles can be used at this site:
*[http://sumsearch.org/cite/ http://sumsearch.org/cite/]
For example, entering 10.1038/438900a at the former page yields the following text:
*<nowiki><ref name="pmid16355180">{{cite journal| author=Giles J| title=Internet encyclopaedias go head to head. | journal=Nature | year= 2005 | volume= 438 | issue= 7070 | pages= 900-1 | pmid=16355180 | doi=10.1038/438900a | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16355180 }} </ref></nowiki>
When inserted in an article, it gives the following at the bottom:
*{{cite journal| author=Giles J| title=Internet encyclopaedias go head to head. | journal=Nature | year= 2005 | volume= 438 | issue= 7070 | pages= 900-1 | pmid=16355180 | doi=10.1038/438900a | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16355180 }}

===Notes===
Notes are added by adding ''group='' to the ref tag, such as:
*<nowiki><ref name="pitch" group="notes">Detailed explanations and references are located in the</nowiki> [[Calcaneal pitch]]<nowiki> article.</ref></nowiki> <br>,as seen in the article [[X-ray of flat feet]]

===Contentious matters===
Dubious or insufficiently referenced texts should be corrected, removed, or marked with inline cleanup tags, such as:
<br>{{Dubious}} - in source code editing, this is added by the addition of <nowiki>{{Dubious}}</nowiki>.
<br>{{Citation needed}} - by <nowiki>{{Citation needed}}</nowiki>.
<br>{{Better source}} - by <nowiki>{{Better source}}</nowiki>.

When sources have conflicting information, the alternatives are:
*Mention the differences (such as in [[Neck#Trauma]]). This is generally recommended when guidelines come from different countries.
*Choose one that is from a more reliable source, or seems more reasonable. In such cases, a note may be made about alternatives (such as in [[Fluoroscopy of central venous catheters#Notes]]).

==Authorship==
To be mentioned among the authors of an article, a user must:
*Use his/her real name in the author list (regardless of username used for editing).
*Have made a significant contribution to the article. There is no strict cutoff to what is significant, so in case of uncertainty it is recommended to make an entry at the [[Radlines:Discussion page|Discussion page]] of the article on the matter. If there is no response after 4 days, it is acceptable to add oneself in the author list after contributing to the article.
Being listed as an author implies a shared responsibility for the content of the article.

The preferable wiki coding for stating authorship of an article is to add the {{tl|Top}} template, such as in the text below, followed by a {{tl|Bottom}} at the bottom of the article.
:<nowiki>{{Top</nowiki>
:<nowiki>|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]</nowiki>
:<nowiki>|author2=</nowiki>
:<nowiki>}}</nowiki>

When at least one author is listed, and edits have been made by additional users (regardless of fulfilling the criteria above), ''et al.'' should be added to the author list, linking to the "View history" page of the article, in order to denote that the listed author(s) is not the only contributor(s).

When a substantial amount of content (with no strict threshold but often corresponding to about a section) is copied or closely paraphrased from a source with a Creative Commons license that includes attribution (such as [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ CC-BY]), the authors of that article should be mentioned at top, such as "Authors of integrated Creative Commons article" followed by a [[#References|reference]] to that article. If only minor portions of such article is integrated, it is enough to mention the authors by a reference at the integrated material.

==Target audience==
The text should be written to be understood by a medical school graduate with corresponding radiology knowledge. It should be '''concise''', so that a radiologist (or graduate training to become a radiologist) at work can quickly find the information of interest. For example, do not state what the reader most definitely already knows, such as ''"the exam can be done for both emergent and non-emergent reasons"''.

It should assumed that the readers do '''not know the names''' for the radiologic findings at hand, '''nor which conditions''' are causing them when trying to find their way through the inter-article structure of Radlines (described in sext section).

Text can be written in imperative format where appropriate, such as "Look at..." or "Avoid...".

The '''ambition''' should be what is acceptable for a general radiologist without sub-specialization to perform. More detailed evaluations should be linked to separate articles, whose title can begin as "Beyond the acceptable for evaluating...".

==Inter-article structure==
Articles in Radlines can be directly found by search engine, either by the internal search box at top, or external ones. In addition, each article subject should be connected with the main page through links in a series of pages, so that a radiologist can find their way to it by the appearance of that condition. For example, [[Angiomyolipoma]] should be found by clicking links in articles in the following sequence:
{|class="wikitable"
| '''Level''' || Main || Location || Location || Modality+Location || Modality+Presentation+Location || Disease
|-
| '''Example''' || [[Main]] || [[Abdomen and pelvis]] || [[Kidneys]] || [[CT of the kidneys]] || [[CT of renal mass]] || [[Angiomyolipoma]]
|}

There may be variations in the level structure, such as additional levels between the ones above, or articles about diseases in specific locations or by a specific modality.

By linking to further information in other articles, each article should be kept short enough to be read conveniently for a radiologist working with the subject at hand. Practically, this allows for somewhat longer articles for non-emergent exams.

===No orphans===
The creator of a new article must link the article back through a likely sequence that a radiologist would find that condition when seeing it. Articles lacking an unbroken connection to the main page should be tagged with {{Template|Orphan}}, and should be either connected to a sequence or deleted (if the author has been notified of this intention but hasn't made amendments in over two weeks).

Structuring into these levels require more extensive work for more systemic diseases. [[Arthritis]], for example, must be included in articles of multiple joints. It is the responsibility of the creator of such a disease article to add it to all locations where it is well known to be relevant. It may therefore be more simple to start with for example [[X-ray of arthritis of the hand]], which only needs linking from [[X-ray of the hand]].

An author wanting to upload a case must therefore make sure that there is at least a short article about the condition in general, for example a general article about [[angiomyolipoma]] (or CT or other specified modality of angiomyolipoma) when wanting to upload images of an unusual presentation of it.

===Forking===
Forking means to make one or more sub-articles from contents of a longer article. This should be done when the resultant structure better conforms to the inter-article structure above, and also when an article exceeds 15-20 images. The parent article should link to the fork by the following note at the top of the section:
{{Main|Fork title}}
This can be generated by the template [[Template:Main|<nowiki>{{Main|Fork title}}</nowiki>]]. The section of the parent article should also contain a short summary of the most relevant aspects of the topic. As an example, see:
*[[Ultrasonography of the scrotum#Intratesticular tumors]]

==No plain lists of causes==
[[File:No lists of causes.png|thumb|180px]]
[[File:Causes of hip pain.jpg|thumb|Potential causes seen on [[X-ray of hip pain]].]]
When linking to a condition from the previous level in the sequence, it must not be done by including it in a plain list of causes. Rather, it must be integrated so that it is clear ''how'' it is different from other conditions. It can be done in prose (such as at [[CT_urography#Further_evaluation_of_suspected_tumors|Evaluation of suspected bladder tumors]] where for example a lack of enhancement indicates hematoma), and/or a table such as this example of how to include [[Angiomyolipoma]] in the article [[CT of renal mass]]:
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Causes of renal mass: CT findings<ref>{{cite web|url=http://radiologyassistant.nl/en/p571eea20ec282/kidney-solid-masses.html|title=Kidney - Solid masses|website={{RA}}|author=Rinze Reinhard, Mandy van der Zon-Conijn and Robin Smithuis|accessdate=2018-05-26}}</ref>
|-
| [[Angiomyolipoma]] || Macroscopic fat
|-
| [[Renal cell cancer]] || No fat
|-
| etc. || etc.
|}

At least the most common causes should be mentioned in such differentials.

If there is no radiologic appearance that distinguishes the condition from one or more other conditions, then another type of distinctive feature needs to be mentioned, such as a specific clinical symptom, or epidemiology including incidence or prevalence. Images of the conditions are sufficient when the difference is visually obvious.<ref group="notes">Without the rule of no lists of causes, such lists in similar wiki projects such as Radiopaedia tend to develop into excessively long lists, which are not useful at all.</ref>

Exemptions to the rule of no lists of causes:
*[[#Modality+Location articles|Modality+location articles]] may contain a "Diseases" or "Objectives" section. [[#Modality+Location articles|See below for requirements.]]
*If the article as a whole clearly conveys unique characteristics for each listed condition.
*The list has a description that radiologists generally do not need to distinguish between the conditions, and why that is the case. Reasons include that the conditions are rare or insignificant so that radiologists generally do not need to screen for them unless specifically asked by the referring clinician.
{{Current focus}}

For most needed articles, see [[Radlines:Contribute]].

==Radlines is made by humans==
Do not import or generate content in large amounts by automatic applications. It is acceptable to copy-paste text from other sources with compatible licensing (see [[Radlines:Copyright]]), but it needs to be properly integrated into the context of existing Radlines material.

It is acceptable to perform automated maintenance tasks, such as making terminology or organization more consistent, but it should be done with care, because an unusual layout or wording may be better for certain conditions.

Radlines uses [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Categories Categories] for scrolling among less common diseases. However, categories are not a replacement for articles that describe, summarize and distinguish related topics.

==Abbreviations==
Computed tomography should be abbreviated as CT, and magnetic resonance imaging should be abbreviated as MRI, since medical doctors can be presumed to be familiar with these.

Similarly, projectional radiography should be termed '''X-ray''' in article titles, but the introduction should include '''projectional radiography ("X-ray")''' to specify the scope, and X-ray should thereafter be used in article prose as well.

==Images==
Use [[Radlines:Upload]] to upload new files.
*See [[Radlines:Copyright]] for information regarding what images you may upload.
*See [[#Cases]] below for case-related guidelines.

[[File:T1-weighted-MRI.png|thumb|150px|Image description.]]
Images can be added in articles by clicking the "Edit" tab at top and then "Insert" and "Media". In source code, images are added to the right in the text by the following code for an example file "File:T1-weighted-MRI.png":<br>
<nowiki>[[File:T1-weighted-MRI.png|thumb|150px|Image description.]]</nowiki>

For more rendering alternatives, see [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Images Mediawiki:Help:Images]

==Links==
;Internal
Add internal links for words that are notable enough in radiology to have their own article, whether or not that article exists yet or not. In source code editing, internal links are created by adding <nowiki>[[</nowiki> and <nowiki>]]</nowiki> around the word or words. The text can be made different than the linked article title by <nowiki>[[title|text]]</nowiki>. For example, <nowiki>[[Reporting|General notes on reporting]]</nowiki> shows as [[Reporting|General notes on reporting]] but links to the article [[Reporting]].

;External
External links, when not used as [[#References|references]], should be kept in a separate section at the end of an article. They should only include open access pages. External links are not a replacement for writing content in Radlines with the same topic.
<br>In source code, external links are added by <nowiki>[URL title]</nowiki>. For example, with the following code: <br><nowiki>*[https://www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/surgery?showPage=diagnosis&bone=Femur&segment=Proximal AO classification of proximal femur fractures]</nowiki><br>The following link is generated:
*[https://www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/surgery?showPage=diagnosis&bone=Femur&segment=Proximal AO classification of proximal femur fractures]

An exception is radiographic positioning, where links to the corresponding article in [http://www.wikiradiography.net/ wikiradiography] can be added in the body of an article. For example, [[Forearm]] may contain the following links:
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+AP Forearm - AP]
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+Lateral Forearm - Lateral]

==General section recommendations==
Suggested headers for different types of articles are given in their sections below. Still, it is not necessary for the creator of an article to start multiple sections right away, but can let it grow with time by collaborative editing.

Radiographic positioning and settings may contain a link to one or more relevant articles in [http://www.wikiradiography.net/ wikiradiography]. For example, [[Forearm]] may contain the following links:
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+AP Forearm - AP]
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+Lateral Forearm - Lateral]

Sections to generally '''avoid''':
*'''Anatomy''' sections should generally not be used, because any relevant anatomy should be integrated into its context in other sections.
*'''Treatment''', unless regularly performed by radiologists themselves. Otherwise, information about treatment is only relevant if being written together with how it affects the way to plan, evaluate or report on the imaging.
*Section headers without content, where section content should be added right away, or the header be removed.

==Modality+Location articles==

Example: [[CT of the thorax]].

===Sections===
*'''Normal anatomy''', preferably including various age groups, such as at [[X-ray of the hand]]
:*'''"Normal" findings in chronic conditions''', which are generally not used in the diagnosis of that condition. This includes expected findings in congenital conditions whose diagnosis is generally made clinically or genetically close to birth, thereby allowing radiologists to determine if a finding is part of their known condition or because of a new disease or disorder.
*'''Basic screening''', which should generally be done regardless of the issue raised by the referral
*'''Diseases and conditions''' or '''Objectives''':
:*For any entry that does not yet have its own article, preferably only list it if you intend to write that article yourself in a near future.
:*Only include entries that are common or meaningful radiologic referral reasons. For example, [[CT of lung nodules]] is listed in [[CT of the thorax]], and not for example "CT of adenocarcinoma" because it is not a CT diagnosis.
:*Initially, conditions may be included in the article if being short, such as [[CT of the thorax#Lymphadenopathy]]. They should, however, preferably be expanded to own articles that are linked from the Modality+Location article as described in the [[#Inter-article structure]] section above.
:*[[#Templates|Templates (see below)]] can be used to include conditions both in the overall location article as well as the Modality+Location articles, such as {{tl|Diseases and conditions associated with CT and MRI of the head}} being included in [[Head]] and [[MRI of the head]] (while [[CT of the head]] has developed a more detailed list).
:As the list becomes larger, with over 5-10 entries, only the most common or otherwise significant ones should remain in the article, and the rest be moved to anatomic sub-regions or be linked from a separate category page.
*'''Techniques''', with subtypes of the topic at hand, such as [[CT of the thorax]] having a section on CT [[angiography]] of the region.
*'''Report''', containing at least a report on a basic screening of the investigation at hand. It is recommended to also insert the [[#Templates|template]] {{tl|Reporting}} below the header in order to link to general notes about reporting. It does ''not'' need to mention "additional findings upon image evaluation" or similar.

==Modality-unspecific disease or presentation articles==
Examples: [[Urolithiasis]], [[Neck trauma]]

These articles should focus on the planning of the investigation, such as by the following layout:
*'''Planning''', which assumes that there is a referral specifically asking for an investigation of the subject at hand. Recommended subsections include:
:*'''Justification''' of the investigation, such as symptoms raising the suspicion of the condition.
:*'''Choice of modality''', with preferable modalities and their main factors to consider in the choice.
:*'''How soon''' the investigation should be done.

The title should generally not be in plural.

Other aspects of the disease should generally be added at linked modality-specific articles.

Preferably, the section should be written as a template (see [[#Templates]] section below) that can be displayed in the modality-specific articles as well, such as [[Template:Neck trauma - choice of modality]], which is shown both in [[Neck trauma]] and [[CT of the neck in trauma]].

==Modality-specific disease or presentation articles==
Example: [[X-ray of distal radius fracture]]

===Title===
The title should include all the components (such as [[X-ray of distal radius fracture]]) unless the condition is specific for a particular location (such as [[Ultrasonography of appendicitis]]). Adpositions are generally "of", "in" or "for". There is no need for "suspected" or "possible" even for investigations generally used to rule out the disease.

The disease may be either in the plural form (such as in [[X-ray of fractures]]) or singular form (such as in [[X-ray of distal radius fracture]]).

===Sections===
The recommended layout is as follows:
*'''Introduction''', including a definition of the condition, and/or links to parent articles where available. For example, the introduction in the article ''[[X-ray of hip prostheses]]'' can start as ''"For '''[[X-ray of the hip joint]]''' in the presence of a prosthesis..."''.
*'''Planning'''. Possible content includes:
:*'''Choice of modality''', describing when to use available modalities (and not just ''"modalities may include:"'' or similar). This subsection should be written as a template (see [[#Templates]] section below) that can be displayed in modality-unspecific articles as well, such as [[Template:Neck trauma - choice of modality]], which is shown both in [[Neck trauma]] and [[CT of the neck in trauma]]. Include the "Choice of modality" header in the template. Thereby, these templates are editable by clicking the ''edit'' button by that header.
:*'''How soon''' the investigation should be done
:*What '''settings''' or '''sequences''' of for example MRI or CT are recommended
*'''Quality checking''', including signs that the investigation needs to be redone
*'''Analysis''' of '''Findings''', whose structure of subsections should generally be based on appearance, but sometimes on other information that is generally known, such as age of the patient for bone tumors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiologyassistant.nl/en/p494e15cbf0d8d/bone-tumor-systematic-approach-and-differential-diagnosis.html|title=Bone tumor - Systematic approach and Differential diagnosis|author=Henk Jan van der Woude and Robin Smithuis|site={{RA}}|accessdate=2018-05-26}}</ref>
:It is also recommended to link to general screening in CT and MRI for the location at hand, such as [[CT in dementia]] linking to [[CT_of_the_head#Basic_screening|Basic screening of head CT]].
:*'''Further evaluation''', with important concomitant findings when the disease is known, such as staging of cancers.
*'''Report''', preferably including at least one example of a report with typical findings of a disease ([[X-ray of knee prosthesis#Report|Example]]), as well as one report including the most important absences of findings when the disease is important to rule out. It is recommended to also insert the [[#Templates|template]] {{tl|Reporting}} below the header in order to link to general notes about reporting. Different levels of comprehensiveness is preferable, such as at [[X-ray of hip prostheses#Report]].

Disease articles can have a short introduction with one or two sentences about pathophysiology, and likewise for symptoms, prognosis and general treatment. Otherwise, these aspects should only be included where relevant in the radiologic differential diagnosis. These aspects are not necessary if the differential diagnosis can be made by visible radiologic findings alone.

==Cases==
Case descriptions should be written entirely in the description page of the uploaded image. Descriptions must include:
*'''Consent note''', for example "Verbal consent"
The following additional data are preferable:
*'''Diagnostic certainty''', from "Possible", "Probable", "Almost certain" to "Certain", or "Not applicable"
*Patient '''age'''
*Patient '''sex'''
*Patient '''history''' and/or '''symptoms'''
*'''Findings''' in the image

===Multiple images===
In cases with 2 or 3 images, it can be done by either:
*Copying the descriptions to each image page.
*Make an article starting as "Case of a ...", and linking to that article in each image page.
*Templating, as described in the [[#Templates]] section below. For this purpose, the steps include:
**Giving the template a title, for example: ''26 year old woman with ectopic pregnancy, description''
**Write the case description on the template page. On the template page, it is also recommended to list all images that belong to the case.
**Press save, and implement the template in each related image.

===Image stacks===
{{Imagestack
|width=250
|title=Title
|align=right
|background=#ffffff
|loop=no
|File:Computed tomography of human brain (16).png|Caption of 1st image
|File:Computed tomography of human brain (15).png|Next image has no caption
|File:Computed tomography of human brain (14).png|
}}

Image stacks such as for CTs and MRIs can be created by choosing "Edit source" and adding for example the following code (resultant stack displayed at right):
{|class="wikitable"
|
<nowiki>{{Imagestack</nowiki>
<br>|width=250
<br>|title=Title
<br>|align=right
<br>|background=#ffffff
<br>|loop=no
<br>|File:Computed tomography of human brain (16).png|Caption of 1st image
<br>|File:Computed tomography of human brain (15).png|Next image has no caption
<br>|File:Computed tomography of human brain (14).png|
<br><nowiki>}}</nowiki>
|}
To make it easier for both yourself and the reader, limit the stack to only the images necessary to demonstrate the conditions at hand.

To move through the images, hover over the image and use scroll wheel, drag the mouse over the image, or click the < or the > above each stack. This functionality should activate when the page is fully loaded, which may take some if there are many images in the stack.

==Interventions==

===Sections===
The recommended layout is as follows:
*'''Planning''' or '''Preparation'''
:*'''Choice of modality'''
:*'''Bleeding''', such as by the template <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Low risk of bleeding|Low risk of bleeding]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>
:*'''Choice''' of material and/or instruments, for example "Transducer choice" for ultrasonographic interventions
:*'''Patient information'''
:*'''Time taken''', which can be given as the time usually allotted to the procedure.
*'''Procedure'''
*'''Report'''

Example: [[Ultrasound-guided hip joint injection]]

==How to create a new article==
You need to create an account and become approved as Editor before being able to create articles. See [[Radlines:About#Participation]]. As an approved Editor, you can create an article as follows:

<div style="align:left; max-width:40em"><inputbox>
type = create
buttonlabel = Create article
placeholder = Enter article title here and click "Create article"
break = no
editintro = Radlines:Article editintro
</inputbox></div>

You also get the alternative to create an article by clicking [[red links]] (terms lacking an article), or by searching for such terms in the search box at top right.

==Templates==
A template has the ability to show the same material in multiple pages, and edits to it show up immediately in all those pages.

===Indications===
{|class="wikitable" align="right"
| This table appears in multiple articles
|-
| {{Diameters of abdominal aorta}}
|}
For example, the template {{tl|Diameters of abdominal aorta}} shows a table of the diameters of the aorta in both of these articles:
*[[CT of abdominal aneurysm]]
*[[Ultrasonography of abdominal aneurysm]]
This avoids contradictions and missed locations when the data needs to be updated.

Templates can be used for data tables, like the example, that are applicable to multiple articles. They can also be used for case descriptions on each related image page as described in the [[#Cases|Cases section]] above.

However, they should not be used for article prose, whose optimal wording often depends on the context of the article.

Common templates include:
*"Choice of modality" sections as described in [[#Modality-specific disease or presentation articles]] above.
*Links to more general information on a topic, such as the {{tl|Reporting}} template which should be added at the end of each such section, or {{tl|X-ray of fractures}} which may be added at the evaluation section of each such article.

===Creation===
<div style="align:left; max-width:40em"><inputbox>
type = create
buttonlabel = Create template
placeholder = Template title
prefix = Template:
break = no
editintro = Radlines:Template editintro
</inputbox></div>

For templates used in articles, preferably make a table box for template content, to show what content belongs to the template, such as <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Low risk of bleeding|Low risk of bleeding]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki> (from top menu, or by placing
:<nowiki>{|class="wikitable"</nowiki>
:<nowiki>|</nowiki>
at the top and
:<nowiki>|}</nowiki>
below template content.

===Implementation===
Write the same title, surrounded by two curly brackets on each side, where the template is needed, such as:<br> <nowiki>{{26 year old woman with ectopic pregnancy, description}}</nowiki>

===Edit===
<div style="align:left; max-width:40em"><inputbox>
type = create
buttonlabel = Edit template
placeholder = Template title
prefix = Template:
break = no
</inputbox></div>
Alternatively, templates can be edited by searching for the template title in the search bar at top, preceded by ''Template:'' but without the curly brackets, such as:<br> ''Template:26 year old woman with ectopic pregnancy, description''

When editing or viewing a template page, the pages where it is used are found at "What links here" in the left menu.

''Technical description of templates in MediaWiki: [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Templates MediaWiki: Help: Templates]

==Variations of English==
Radlines articles may be written in ''American English'' (such as tumor) or ''British English'' (such as tumo'''u'''r). Keep a consistent format within each article; If an article is started in ''American English'', make any additions in ''American English'' as well.

==Talk pages==
Talk pages of each article is found by clicking the "Discussion" tab above. Use the "Edit source" or "Add topic" to make additional entries. Add <code><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code> at the end, which will add your username and timestamp. The "Add a comment" functionality is reserved for readers who do not have Editor permission.

===Introducing new editors===
New editors can be welcomed by adding the following, or similar, on their talk pages (which can be found by entering "User talk:" followed by the username in the search bar):

*Welcome to Radlines! I have received your submitted form, and I have now added you as an editor of Radlines. You will find more information on how to contribute at [[Radlines:Contribute]]. (If the new editor has approved this in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdqCj6TIIx8AuMiWthPWuohwxPoIVz7j0BUAIWQbrq-dT_Kqw/viewform the form]:) I have also added you at [[Radlines:About#Editors]]. You are welcome to add more details about yourself there, as well as at your user page (see [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines#User_page]]). Again, welcome! (Signature)

In source code editing, the above may be added by copy-pasting the following text:
*<code><nowiki>Welcome to Radlines! I have received your submitted form, and I have now added you as an editor of Radlines. You will find more information on how to contribute at [[Radlines:Contribute]]. I have also added you at [[Radlines:About#Editors]]. You are welcome to add more details about yourself there, as well as at your user page (see [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines#User_page]]). Feel free to ask me if you have any further questions. Again, welcome! ~~~~</nowiki></code>

==See also==
*[[Radlines:About]]
*[[Radlines:Copyright]]
{{Bottom}}

Radlines:Editorial guidelines

2019-09-06T09:47:01Z

Mikael Häggström: Wording

{{Nutshell|
*Use [[#References|references]] where available, with in-line citations
*Add your real name at the top if having [[#Authorship|made significant contributions]]
*New articles '''must''' be [[#Inter-article structure|linked from the main page]] in a sequence that a radiologist would be likely to follow.
*[[#No lists of causes|Do not make lists of causes]]. Instead, explain the differences between the causes.
*When importing material, [[#Radlines is made by humans|integrate]] it with existing Radlines material
[[#How_to_create_a_new_article|Create new article]]
}}

==How to edit==
Editors of articles must be doctors of medicine, or have formal expertise in radiology by other means.

See [[Radlines:About#Participation]] on how to become an active article editor.

Generally, be '''bold''', and make changes whenever you think it will improve the site.

One highly beneficial method for editing is to write while performing the task at hand for an actual case, in order to discern what content is most relevant in that situation.

==="Edit" or "Edit source"===
When clicking "Edit", you use an editor ([https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/VisualEditor VisualEditor]) that is "What You See Is What You Get". When you click "Edit source", you edit in wikitext. It is preferable that you'll get used to using wikitext, such as by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikitext Wikipedia help:Wikitext]. Use [[Radlines:Upload]] for file uploads rather than the Insert > Media in VisualEditor (the latter is not tailored to the project, but please leave a message at the discussion page if you have a solution).

===Recommended approach===
Just start editing, taking the style to look similar to any relatively well developed article such as [[X-ray of hip dysplasia]]. If you do not know the tool or wiki code for what you want to do, just do something that makes it look as similar as possible, such as:

*Headers using UPPER CASE LETTERS
*Reference numbering using brackets, such as [1] in the text, and simply drop the PMID, DOI or web address of the source at the bottom (accurate formatting can be fixed later).

==User page==
A user page is the presentation page of that person, and can be found (and then edited) by clicking the username at top right. Recommended (but not mandatory) content of a user page includes:
*Real name
*Education, experience in radiology as well as current position.
*An '''[[Radlines:Upload|upload]]''' of a portrait of the user.
*An external link to another website presenting the user.
The user page is not a personal website, blog, or social networking medium. They should be used to better participate in the community, and not used to excess for unrelated purposes.

==References==

It is acceptable to write from experience if editing under one's real name rather than a username, although material should preferably still be supported by reliable external sources whenever it is likely that such exists for the topic of a sentence or section. Such external sources should, where available, be secondary ones such as textbooks and reviews rather than primary studies.

When editing under one's real name, it is also acceptable to use a hospital as a reference for local practices, as for example in [[X-ray of knee prosthesis#Reporting]].

Use only in-line referencing,<ref group="notes">Never just add a citation at the bottom of the article, even if it reflects all current content, since verification will be extremely difficult following future content additions</ref> using the "Cite" tab in [[#"Edit" or "Edit source"|"Edit" mode]], and <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki></ref></nowiki></code> in [[#"Edit" or "Edit source"|"Edit source" mode]] (see [[Wikipedia:Help:Footnotes#Footnotes:_the_basics|Wikipedia:Footnotes]] for additional help). With a known doi code for the reference, [https://reftag.appspot.com/doiweb.py the {T} DOI reference generator] can quickly generate the full citation. Likewise, [http://sumsearch.org/cite/ the Biomedical citation maker] can be used to generate full citations from PMID or PMCID.

==Geographic origin==
Geographic origin should be specified in the text for guidelines or other information that are expected to vary, including positive and negative predictive values of investigations (which depend on prevalences and incidences in the population). On the other hand, any geographic origin does not need to be stated for more universal knowledge such as sensitivity and specificity of investigations (which are independent on prevalences and incidences), or imaging findings. Geographic origin can be given in prose such as ''"a US practice is to..."'', or in the beginning of a reference, such as:
*'''USA:''' {{cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=Siva P.|last2=Fishman|first2=Elliot K.|title=Bladder Malignancies on CT: The Underrated Role of CT in Diagnosis|journal=American Journal of Roentgenology|volume=203|issue=2|year=2014|pages=347–354|issn=0361-803X|doi=10.2214/AJR.13.12021}}

===Coding===
In wiki code, it is recommended to add references by within <nowiki><ref> and </ref></nowiki> tags, in addition to adding the {{tl|Top}} and {{tl|Bottom}} templates to their respective places. Such <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags can be automatically generated from the doi codes at this site:
*[https://reftag.appspot.com/doiweb.py {T} DOI Wikipedia reference generator]
*Likewise, PMID or PMCID of articles can be used at this site:
*[http://sumsearch.org/cite/ http://sumsearch.org/cite/]
For example, entering 10.1038/438900a at the former page yields the following text:
*<nowiki><ref name="pmid16355180">{{cite journal| author=Giles J| title=Internet encyclopaedias go head to head. | journal=Nature | year= 2005 | volume= 438 | issue= 7070 | pages= 900-1 | pmid=16355180 | doi=10.1038/438900a | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16355180 }} </ref></nowiki>
When inserted in an article, it gives the following at the bottom:
*{{cite journal| author=Giles J| title=Internet encyclopaedias go head to head. | journal=Nature | year= 2005 | volume= 438 | issue= 7070 | pages= 900-1 | pmid=16355180 | doi=10.1038/438900a | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16355180 }}

===Notes===
Notes are added by adding ''group='' to the ref tag, such as:
*<nowiki><ref name="pitch" group="notes">Detailed explanations and references are located in the</nowiki> [[Calcaneal pitch]]<nowiki> article.</ref></nowiki> <br>,as seen in the article [[X-ray of flat feet]]

===Contentious matters===
Dubious or insufficiently referenced texts should be corrected, removed, or marked with inline cleanup tags, such as:
<br>{{Dubious}} - in source code editing, this is added by the addition of <nowiki>{{Dubious}}</nowiki>.
<br>{{Citation needed}} - by <nowiki>{{Citation needed}}</nowiki>.
<br>{{Better source}} - by <nowiki>{{Better source}}</nowiki>.

When sources have conflicting information, the alternatives are:
*Mention the differences (such as in [[Neck#Trauma]]). This is generally recommended when guidelines come from different countries.
*Choose one that is from a more reliable source, or seems more reasonable. In such cases, a note may be made about alternatives (such as in [[Fluoroscopy of central venous catheters#Notes]]).

==Authorship==
To be mentioned among the authors of an article, a user must:
*Use his/her real name in the author list (regardless of username used for editing).
*Have made a significant contribution to the article. There is no strict cutoff to what is significant, so in case of uncertainty it is recommended to make an entry at the [[Radlines:Discussion page|Discussion page]] of the article on the matter. If there is no response after 4 days, it is acceptable to add oneself in the author list after contributing to the article.
Being listed as an author implies a shared responsibility for the content of the article.

The preferable wiki coding for stating authorship of an article is to add the {{tl|Top}} template, such as in the text below, followed by a {{tl|Bottom}} at the bottom of the article.
:<nowiki>{{Top</nowiki>
:<nowiki>|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]</nowiki>
:<nowiki>|author2=</nowiki>
:<nowiki>}}</nowiki>

When at least one author is listed, and edits have been made by additional users (regardless of fulfilling the criteria above), ''et al.'' should be added to the author list, linking to the "View history" page of the article, in order to denote that the listed author(s) is not the only contributor(s).

When a substantial amount of content (with no strict threshold but often corresponding to about a section) is copied or closely paraphrased from a source with a Creative Commons license that includes attribution (such as [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ CC-BY]), the authors of that article should be mentioned at top, such as "Authors of integrated Creative Commons article" followed by a [[#References|reference]] to that article. If only minor portions of such article is integrated, it is enough to mention the authors by a reference at the integrated material.

==Target audience==
The text should be written to be understood by a medical school graduate with corresponding radiology knowledge. It should be '''concise''', so that a radiologist (or graduate training to become a radiologist) at work can quickly find the information of interest. For example, do not state what the reader most definitely already knows, such as ''"the exam can be done for both emergent and non-emergent reasons"''.

It should assumed that the readers do '''not know the names''' for the radiologic findings at hand, '''nor which conditions''' are causing them when trying to find their way through the inter-article structure of Radlines (described in sext section).

Text can be written in imperative format where appropriate, such as "Look at..." or "Avoid...".

The '''ambition''' should be what is acceptable for a general radiologist without sub-specialization to perform. More detailed evaluations should be linked to separate articles, whose title can begin as "Beyond the acceptable for evaluating...".

==Inter-article structure==
Articles in Radlines can be directly found by search engine, either by the internal search box at top, or external ones. In addition, each article subject should be connected with the main page through links in a series of pages, so that a radiologist can find their way to it by the appearance of that condition. For example, [[Angiomyolipoma]] should be found by clicking links in articles in the following sequence:
{|class="wikitable"
| '''Level''' || Main || Location || Location || Modality+Location || Modality+Presentation+Location || Disease
|-
| '''Example''' || [[Main]] || [[Abdomen and pelvis]] || [[Kidneys]] || [[CT of the kidneys]] || [[CT of renal mass]] || [[Angiomyolipoma]]
|}

There may be variations in the level structure, such as additional levels between the ones above, or articles about diseases in specific locations or by a specific modality.

By linking to further information in other articles, each article should be kept short enough to be read conveniently for a radiologist working with the subject at hand. Practically, this allows for somewhat longer articles for non-emergent exams.

===No orphans===
The creator of a new article must link the article back through a likely sequence that a radiologist would find that condition when seeing it. Articles lacking an unbroken connection to the main page should be tagged with {{Template|Orphan}}, and should be either connected to a sequence or deleted (if the author has been notified of this intention but hasn't made amendments in over two weeks).

Structuring into these levels require more extensive work for more systemic diseases. [[Arthritis]], for example, must be included in articles of multiple joints. It is the responsibility of the creator of such a disease article to add it to all locations where it is well known to be relevant. It may therefore be more simple to start with for example [[X-ray of arthritis of the hand]], which only needs linking from [[X-ray of the hand]].

An author wanting to upload a case must therefore make sure that there is at least a short article about the condition in general, for example a general article about [[angiomyolipoma]] (or CT or other specified modality of angiomyolipoma) when wanting to upload images of an unusual presentation of it.

===Forking===
Forking means to make one or more sub-articles from contents of a longer article. This should be done when the resultant structure better conforms to the inter-article structure above, and also when an article exceeds 15-20 images. The parent article should link to the fork by the following note at the top of the section:
{{Main|Fork title}}
This can be generated by the template [[Template:Main|<nowiki>{{Main|Fork title}}</nowiki>]]. The section of the parent article should also contain a short summary of the most relevant aspects of the topic. As an example, see:
*[[Ultrasonography of the scrotum#Intratesticular tumors]]

==No plain lists of causes==
[[File:No lists of causes.png|thumb|180px]]
[[File:Causes of hip pain.jpg|thumb|Potential causes seen on [[X-ray of hip pain]].]]
When linking to a condition from the previous level in the sequence, it must not be done by including it in a plain list of causes. Rather, it must be integrated so that it is clear ''how'' it is different from other conditions. It can be done in prose (such as at [[CT_urography#Further_evaluation_of_suspected_tumors|Evaluation of suspected bladder tumors]] where for example a lack of enhancement indicates hematoma), and/or a table such as this example of how to include [[Angiomyolipoma]] in the article [[CT of renal mass]]:
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Causes of renal mass: CT findings<ref>{{cite web|url=http://radiologyassistant.nl/en/p571eea20ec282/kidney-solid-masses.html|title=Kidney - Solid masses|website={{RA}}|author=Rinze Reinhard, Mandy van der Zon-Conijn and Robin Smithuis|accessdate=2018-05-26}}</ref>
|-
| [[Angiomyolipoma]] || Macroscopic fat
|-
| [[Renal cell cancer]] || No fat
|-
| etc. || etc.
|}

At least the most common causes should be mentioned in such differentials.

If there is no radiologic appearance that distinguishes the condition from one or more other conditions, then another type of distinctive feature needs to be mentioned, such as a specific clinical symptom, or epidemiology including incidence or prevalence. Images of the conditions are sufficient when the difference is visually obvious.<ref group="notes">Without the rule of no lists of causes, such lists in similar wiki projects such as Radiopaedia tend to develop into excessively long lists, which are not useful at all.</ref>

Exemptions to the rule of no lists of causes:
*[[#Modality+Location articles|Modality+location articles]] may contain a "Diseases" or "Objectives" section. [[#Modality+Location articles|See below for requirements.]]
*If the article as a whole clearly conveys unique characteristics for each listed condition.
*The list has a description that radiologists generally do not need to distinguish between the conditions, and why that is the case. Reasons include that the conditions are rare or insignificant so that radiologists generally do not need to screen for them unless specifically asked by the referring clinician.
{{Current focus}}

For most needed articles, see [[Radlines:Contribute]].

==Radlines is made by humans==
Do not import or generate content in large amounts by automatic applications. It is acceptable to copy-paste text from other sources with compatible licensing (see [[Radlines:Copyright]]), but it needs to be properly integrated into the context of existing Radlines material.

It is acceptable to perform automated maintenance tasks, such as making terminology or organization more consistent, but it should be done with care, because an unusual layout or wording may be better for certain conditions.

Radlines uses [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Categories Categories] for scrolling among less common diseases. However, categories are not a replacement for articles that describe, summarize and distinguish related topics.

==Abbreviations==
Computed tomography should be abbreviated as CT, and magnetic resonance imaging should be abbreviated as MRI, since medical doctors can be presumed to be familiar with these.

Similarly, projectional radiography should be termed '''X-ray''' in article titles, but the introduction should include '''projectional radiography ("X-ray")''' to specify the scope, and X-ray should thereafter be used in article prose as well.

==Images==
Use [[Radlines:Upload]] to upload new files.
*See [[Radlines:Copyright]] for information regarding what images you may upload.
*See [[#Cases]] below for case-related guidelines.

[[File:T1-weighted-MRI.png|thumb|150px|Image description.]]
Images can be added in articles by clicking the "Edit" tab at top and then "Insert" and "Media". In source code, images are added to the right in the text by the following code for an example file "File:T1-weighted-MRI.png":<br>
<nowiki>[[File:T1-weighted-MRI.png|thumb|150px|Image description.]]</nowiki>

For more rendering alternatives, see [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Images Mediawiki:Help:Images]

==Links==
;Internal
Add internal links for words that are notable enough in radiology to have their own article, whether or not that article exists yet or not. In source code editing, internal links are created by adding <nowiki>[[</nowiki> and <nowiki>]]</nowiki> around the word or words. The text can be made different than the linked article title by <nowiki>[[title|text]]</nowiki>. For example, <nowiki>[[Reporting|General notes on reporting]]</nowiki> shows as [[Reporting|General notes on reporting]] but links to the article [[Reporting]].

;External
External links, when not used as [[#References|references]], should be kept in a separate section at the end of an article. They should only include open access pages. External links are not a replacement for writing content in Radlines with the same topic.
<br>In source code, external links are added by <nowiki>[URL title]</nowiki>. For example, with the following code: <br><nowiki>*[https://www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/surgery?showPage=diagnosis&bone=Femur&segment=Proximal AO classification of proximal femur fractures]</nowiki><br>The following link is generated:
*[https://www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/surgery?showPage=diagnosis&bone=Femur&segment=Proximal AO classification of proximal femur fractures]

An exception is radiographic positioning, where links to the corresponding article in [http://www.wikiradiography.net/ wikiradiography] can be added in the body of an article. For example, [[Forearm]] may contain the following links:
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+AP Forearm - AP]
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+Lateral Forearm - Lateral]

==General section recommendations==
Suggested headers for different types of articles are given in their sections below. Still, it is not necessary for the creator of an article to start multiple sections right away, but can let it grow with time by collaborative editing.

Radiographic positioning and settings may contain a link to one or more relevant articles in [http://www.wikiradiography.net/ wikiradiography]. For example, [[Forearm]] may contain the following links:
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+AP Forearm - AP]
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+Lateral Forearm - Lateral]

Sections to generally '''avoid''':
*'''Anatomy''' sections should generally not be used, because any relevant anatomy should be integrated into its context in other sections.
*'''Treatment''', unless regularly performed by radiologists themselves. Otherwise, information about treatment is only relevant if being written together with how it affects the way to plan, evaluate or report on the imaging.
*Section headers without content, where section content should be added right away, or the header be removed.

==Modality+Location articles==

Example: [[CT of the thorax]].

===Sections===
*'''Normal anatomy''', preferably including various age groups, such as at [[X-ray of the hand]]
:*'''"Normal" findings in chronic conditions''', which are generally not used in the diagnosis of that condition. This includes expected findings in congenital conditions whose diagnosis is generally made clinically or genetically close to birth, thereby allowing radiologists to determine if a finding is part of their known condition or because of a new disease or disorder.
*'''Basic screening''', which should generally be done regardless of the issue raised by the referral
*'''Diseases and conditions''' or '''Objectives''':
:*For any entry that does not yet have its own article, preferably only list it if you intend to write that article yourself in a near future.
:*Only include entries that are common or meaningful radiologic referral reasons. For example, [[CT of lung nodules]] is listed in [[CT of the thorax]], and not for example "CT of adenocarcinoma" because it is not a CT diagnosis.
:*Initially, conditions may be included in the article if being short, such as [[CT of the thorax#Lymphadenopathy]]. They should, however, preferably be expanded to own articles that are linked from the Modality+Location article as described in the [[#Inter-article structure]] section above.
:*[[#Templates|Templates (see below)]] can be used to include conditions both in the overall location article as well as the Modality+Location articles, such as {{tl|Diseases and conditions associated with CT and MRI of the head}} being included in [[Head]] and [[MRI of the head]] (while [[CT of the head]] has developed a more detailed list).
:As the list becomes larger, with over 5-10 entries, only the most common or otherwise significant ones should remain in the article, and the rest be moved to anatomic sub-regions or be linked from a separate category page.
*'''Techniques''', with subtypes of the topic at hand, such as [[CT of the thorax]] having a section on CT [[angiography]] of the region.
*'''Report''', containing at least a report on a basic screening of the investigation at hand. It is recommended to also insert the [[#Templates|template]] {{tl|Reporting}} below the header in order to link to general notes about reporting. It does ''not'' need to mention "additional findings upon image evaluation" or similar.

==Modality-unspecific disease or presentation articles==
Examples: [[Urolithiasis]], [[Neck trauma]]

These articles should focus on the planning of the investigation, such as by the following layout:
*'''Planning''', which assumes that there is a referral specifically asking for an investigation of the subject at hand. Recommended subsections include:
:*'''Justification''' of the investigation, such as symptoms raising the suspicion of the condition.
:*'''Choice of modality''', with preferable modalities and their main factors to consider in the choice.
:*'''How soon''' the investigation should be done.

The title should generally not be in plural.

Other aspects of the disease should generally be added at linked modality-specific articles.

Preferably, the section should be written as a template (see [[#Templates]] section below) that can be displayed in the modality-specific articles as well, such as [[Template:Neck trauma - choice of modality]], which is shown both in [[Neck trauma]] and [[CT of the neck in trauma]].

==Modality-specific disease or presentation articles==
Example: [[X-ray of distal radius fracture]]

===Title===
The title should include all the components (such as [[X-ray of distal radius fracture]]) unless the condition is specific for a particular location (such as [[Ultrasonography of appendicitis]]). Adpositions are generally "of", "in" or "for". There is no need for "suspected" or "possible" even for investigations generally used to rule out the disease.

The disease may be either in the plural form (such as in [[X-ray of fractures]]) or singular form (such as in [[X-ray of distal radius fracture]]).

===Sections===
The recommended layout is as follows:
*'''Introduction''', including a definition of the condition, and/or links to parent articles where available. For example, the introduction in the article ''[[X-ray of hip prostheses]]'' can start as ''"For '''[[X-ray of the hip joint]]''' in the presence of a prosthesis..."''.
*'''Planning'''. Possible content includes:
:*'''Choice of modality''', describing when to use available modalities (and not just ''"modalities may include:"'' or similar). This subsection should be written as a template (see [[#Templates]] section below) that can be displayed in modality-unspecific articles as well, such as [[Template:Neck trauma - choice of modality]], which is shown both in [[Neck trauma]] and [[CT of the neck in trauma]]. Include the "Choice of modality" header in the template. Thereby, these templates are editable by clicking the ''edit'' button by that header.
:*'''How soon''' the investigation should be done
:*What '''settings''' or '''sequences''' of for example MRI or CT are recommended
*'''Quality checking''', including signs that the investigation needs to be redone
*'''Analysis''' of '''Findings''', whose structure of subsections should generally be based on appearance, but sometimes on other information that is generally known, such as age of the patient for bone tumors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiologyassistant.nl/en/p494e15cbf0d8d/bone-tumor-systematic-approach-and-differential-diagnosis.html|title=Bone tumor - Systematic approach and Differential diagnosis|author=Henk Jan van der Woude and Robin Smithuis|site={{RA}}|accessdate=2018-05-26}}</ref>
:It is also recommended to link to general screening in CT and MRI for the location at hand, such as [[CT in dementia]] linking to [[CT_of_the_head#Basic_screening|Basic screening of head CT]].
:*'''Further evaluation''', with important concomitant findings when the disease is known, such as staging of cancers.
*'''Report''', preferably including at least one example of a report with typical findings of a disease ([[X-ray of knee prosthesis#Report|Example]]), as well as one report including the most important absences of findings when the disease is important to rule out. It is recommended to also insert the [[#Templates|template]] {{tl|Reporting}} below the header in order to link to general notes about reporting. Different levels of comprehensiveness is preferable, such as at [[X-ray of hip prostheses#Report]].

Disease articles can have a short introduction with one or two sentences about pathophysiology, and likewise for symptoms, prognosis and general treatment. Otherwise, these aspects should only be included where relevant in the radiologic differential diagnosis. These aspects are not necessary if the differential diagnosis can be made by visible radiologic findings alone.

==Cases==
Case descriptions should be written entirely in the description page of the uploaded image. Descriptions must include:
*'''Consent note''', for example "Verbal consent"
The following additional data are preferable:
*'''Diagnostic certainty''', from "Possible", "Probable", "Almost certain" to "Certain", or "Not applicable"
*Patient '''age'''
*Patient '''sex'''
*Patient '''history''' and/or '''symptoms'''
*'''Findings''' in the image

===Multiple images===
In cases with 2 or 3 images, it can be done by either:
*Copying the descriptions to each image page.
*Make an article starting as "Case of a ...", and linking to that article in each image page.
*Templating, as described in the [[#Templates]] section below. For this purpose, the steps include:
**Giving the template a title, for example: ''26 year old woman with ectopic pregnancy, description''
**Write the case description on the template page. On the template page, tt is also recommended to list all images that belong to the case.
**Press save, and implement the template in each related image.

===Image stacks===
{{Imagestack
|width=250
|title=Title
|align=right
|background=#ffffff
|loop=no
|File:Computed tomography of human brain (16).png|Caption of 1st image
|File:Computed tomography of human brain (15).png|Next image has no caption
|File:Computed tomography of human brain (14).png|
}}

Image stacks such as for CTs and MRIs can be created by choosing "Edit source" and adding for example the following code (resultant stack displayed at right):
{|class="wikitable"
|
<nowiki>{{Imagestack</nowiki>
<br>|width=250
<br>|title=Title
<br>|align=right
<br>|background=#ffffff
<br>|loop=no
<br>|File:Computed tomography of human brain (16).png|Caption of 1st image
<br>|File:Computed tomography of human brain (15).png|Next image has no caption
<br>|File:Computed tomography of human brain (14).png|
<br><nowiki>}}</nowiki>
|}
To make it easier for both yourself and the reader, limit the stack to only the images necessary to demonstrate the conditions at hand.

To move through the images, hover over the image and use scroll wheel, drag the mouse over the image, or click the < or the > above each stack. This functionality should activate when the page is fully loaded, which may take some if there are many images in the stack.

==Interventions==

===Sections===
The recommended layout is as follows:
*'''Planning''' or '''Preparation'''
:*'''Choice of modality'''
:*'''Bleeding''', such as by the template <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Low risk of bleeding|Low risk of bleeding]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>
:*'''Choice''' of material and/or instruments, for example "Transducer choice" for ultrasonographic interventions
:*'''Patient information'''
:*'''Time taken''', which can be given as the time usually allotted to the procedure.
*'''Procedure'''
*'''Report'''

Example: [[Ultrasound-guided hip joint injection]]

==How to create a new article==
You need to create an account and become approved as Editor before being able to create articles. See [[Radlines:About#Participation]]. As an approved Editor, you can create an article as follows:

<div style="align:left; max-width:40em"><inputbox>
type = create
buttonlabel = Create article
placeholder = Enter article title here and click "Create article"
break = no
editintro = Radlines:Article editintro
</inputbox></div>

You also get the alternative to create an article by clicking [[red links]] (terms lacking an article), or by searching for such terms in the search box at top right.

==Templates==
A template has the ability to show the same material in multiple pages, and edits to it show up immediately in all those pages.

===Indications===
{|class="wikitable" align="right"
| This table appears in multiple articles
|-
| {{Diameters of abdominal aorta}}
|}
For example, the template {{tl|Diameters of abdominal aorta}} shows a table of the diameters of the aorta in both of these articles:
*[[CT of abdominal aneurysm]]
*[[Ultrasonography of abdominal aneurysm]]
This avoids contradictions and missed locations when the data needs to be updated.

Templates can be used for data tables, like the example, that are applicable to multiple articles. They can also be used for case descriptions on each related image page as described in the [[#Cases|Cases section]] above.

However, they should not be used for article prose, whose optimal wording often depends on the context of the article.

Common templates include:
*"Choice of modality" sections as described in [[#Modality-specific disease or presentation articles]] above.
*Links to more general information on a topic, such as the {{tl|Reporting}} template which should be added at the end of each such section, or {{tl|X-ray of fractures}} which may be added at the evaluation section of each such article.

===Creation===
<div style="align:left; max-width:40em"><inputbox>
type = create
buttonlabel = Create template
placeholder = Template title
prefix = Template:
break = no
editintro = Radlines:Template editintro
</inputbox></div>

For templates used in articles, preferably make a table box for template content, to show what content belongs to the template, such as <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Low risk of bleeding|Low risk of bleeding]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki> (from top menu, or by placing
:<nowiki>{|class="wikitable"</nowiki>
:<nowiki>|</nowiki>
at the top and
:<nowiki>|}</nowiki>
below template content.

===Implementation===
Write the same title, surrounded by two curly brackets on each side, where the template is needed, such as:<br> <nowiki>{{26 year old woman with ectopic pregnancy, description}}</nowiki>

===Edit===
<div style="align:left; max-width:40em"><inputbox>
type = create
buttonlabel = Edit template
placeholder = Template title
prefix = Template:
break = no
</inputbox></div>
Alternatively, templates can be edited by searching for the template title in the search bar at top, preceded by ''Template:'' but without the curly brackets, such as:<br> ''Template:26 year old woman with ectopic pregnancy, description''

When editing or viewing a template page, the pages where it is used are found at "What links here" in the left menu.

''Technical description of templates in MediaWiki: [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Templates MediaWiki: Help: Templates]

==Variations of English==
Radlines articles may be written in ''American English'' (such as tumor) or ''British English'' (such as tumo'''u'''r). Keep a consistent format within each article; If an article is started in ''American English'', make any additions in ''American English'' as well.

==Talk pages==
Talk pages of each article is found by clicking the "Discussion" tab above. Use the "Edit source" or "Add topic" to make additional entries. Add <code><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code> at the end, which will add your username and timestamp. The "Add a comment" functionality is reserved for readers who do not have Editor permission.

===Introducing new editors===
New editors can be welcomed by adding the following, or similar, on their talk pages (which can be found by entering "User talk:" followed by the username in the search bar):

*Welcome to Radlines! I have received your submitted form, and I have now added you as an editor of Radlines. You will find more information on how to contribute at [[Radlines:Contribute]]. (If the new editor has approved this in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdqCj6TIIx8AuMiWthPWuohwxPoIVz7j0BUAIWQbrq-dT_Kqw/viewform the form]:) I have also added you at [[Radlines:About#Editors]]. You are welcome to add more details about yourself there, as well as at your user page (see [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines#User_page]]). Again, welcome! (Signature)

In source code editing, the above may be added by copy-pasting the following text:
*<code><nowiki>Welcome to Radlines! I have received your submitted form, and I have now added you as an editor of Radlines. You will find more information on how to contribute at [[Radlines:Contribute]]. I have also added you at [[Radlines:About#Editors]]. You are welcome to add more details about yourself there, as well as at your user page (see [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines#User_page]]). Feel free to ask me if you have any further questions. Again, welcome! ~~~~</nowiki></code>

==See also==
*[[Radlines:About]]
*[[Radlines:Copyright]]
{{Bottom}}

Radlines:Editorial guidelines

2019-09-06T09:02:55Z

Mikael Häggström: /* Coding */ Expanded

{{Nutshell|
*Use [[#References|references]] where available, with in-line citations
*Add your real name at the top if having [[#Authorship|made significant contributions]]
*New articles '''must''' be [[#Inter-article structure|linked from the main page]] in a sequence that a radiologist would be likely to follow.
*[[#No lists of causes|Do not make lists of causes]]. Instead, explain the differences between the causes.
*When importing material, [[#Radlines is made by humans|integrate]] it with existing Radlines material
[[#How_to_create_a_new_article|Create new article]]
}}

==How to edit==
Editors of articles must be doctors of medicine, or have formal expertise in radiology by other means.

See [[Radlines:About#Participation]] on how to become an active article editor.

Generally, be '''bold''', and make changes whenever you think it will improve the site.

One highly beneficial method for editing is to write while performing the task at hand for an actual case, in order to discern what content is most relevant in that situation.

==="Edit" or "Edit source"===
When clicking "Edit", you use an editor ([https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/VisualEditor VisualEditor]) that is "What You See Is What You Get". When you click "Edit source", you edit in wikitext. It is preferable that you'll get used to using wikitext, such as by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikitext Wikipedia help:Wikitext]. Use [[Radlines:Upload]] for file uploads rather than the Insert > Media in VisualEditor (the latter is not tailored to the project, but please leave a message at the discussion page if you have a solution).

===Recommended approach===
Just start editing, taking the style to look similar to any relatively well developed article such as [[X-ray of hip dysplasia]]. If you do not know the tool or wiki code for what you want to do, just do something that makes it look as similar as possible, such as:

*Headers using UPPER CASE LETTERS
*Reference numbering using brackets, such as [1] in the text, and simply drop the PMID, DOI or web address of the source at the bottom (accurate formatting can be fixed later).

==User page==
A user page is the presentation page of that person, and can be found (and then edited) by clicking the username at top right. Recommended (but not mandatory) content of a user page includes:
*Real name
*Education, experience in radiology as well as current position.
*An '''[[Radlines:Upload|upload]]''' of a portrait of the user.
*An external link to another website presenting the user.
The user page is not a personal website, blog, or social networking medium. They should be used to better participate in the community, and not used to excess for unrelated purposes.

==References==

It is acceptable to write from experience if editing under one's real name rather than a username, although material should preferably still be supported by reliable external sources whenever it is likely that such exists for the topic of a sentence or section. Such external sources should, where available, be secondary ones such as textbooks and reviews rather than primary studies.

When editing under one's real name, it is also acceptable to use a hospital as a reference for local practices, as for example in [[X-ray of knee prosthesis#Reporting]].

Use only in-line referencing,<ref group="notes">Never just add a citation at the bottom of the article, even if it reflects all current content, since verification will be extremely difficult following future content additions</ref> using the "Cite" tab in [[#"Edit" or "Edit source"|"Edit" mode]], and <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki></ref></nowiki></code> in [[#"Edit" or "Edit source"|"Edit source" mode]] (see [[Wikipedia:Help:Footnotes#Footnotes:_the_basics|Wikipedia:Footnotes]] for additional help). With a known doi code for the reference, [https://reftag.appspot.com/doiweb.py the {T} DOI reference generator] can quickly generate the full citation. Likewise, [http://sumsearch.org/cite/ the Biomedical citation maker] can be used to generate full citations from PMID or PMCID.

==Geographic origin==
Geographic origin should be specified in the text for guidelines or other information that are expected to vary, including positive and negative predictive values of investigations (which depend on prevalences and incidences in the population). On the other hand, any geographic origin does not need to be stated for more universal knowledge such as sensitivity and specificity of investigations (which are independent on prevalences and incidences), or imaging findings. Geographic origin can be given in prose such as ''"a US practice is to..."'', or in the beginning of a reference, such as:
*'''USA:''' {{cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=Siva P.|last2=Fishman|first2=Elliot K.|title=Bladder Malignancies on CT: The Underrated Role of CT in Diagnosis|journal=American Journal of Roentgenology|volume=203|issue=2|year=2014|pages=347–354|issn=0361-803X|doi=10.2214/AJR.13.12021}}

===Coding===
In wiki code, it is recommended to add references by within <nowiki><ref> and </ref></nowiki> tags, in addition to adding the {{tl|Top}} and {{tl|Bottom}} templates to their respective places. Such <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags can be automatically generated from the doi codes at this site:
*[https://reftag.appspot.com/doiweb.py {T} DOI Wikipedia reference generator]
*Likewise, PMID or PMCID of articles can be used at this site:
*[http://sumsearch.org/cite/ http://sumsearch.org/cite/]
For example, entering 10.1038/438900a at the former page yields the following text:
*<nowiki><ref name="pmid16355180">{{cite journal| author=Giles J| title=Internet encyclopaedias go head to head. | journal=Nature | year= 2005 | volume= 438 | issue= 7070 | pages= 900-1 | pmid=16355180 | doi=10.1038/438900a | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16355180 }} </ref></nowiki>
When inserted in an article, it gives the following at the bottom:
*{{cite journal| author=Giles J| title=Internet encyclopaedias go head to head. | journal=Nature | year= 2005 | volume= 438 | issue= 7070 | pages= 900-1 | pmid=16355180 | doi=10.1038/438900a | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16355180 }}

===Notes===
Notes are added by adding ''group='' to the ref tag, such as:
*<nowiki><ref name="pitch" group="notes">Detailed explanations and references are located in the</nowiki> [[Calcaneal pitch]]<nowiki> article.</ref></nowiki> <br>,as seen in the article [[X-ray of flat feet]]

===Contentious matters===
Dubious or insufficiently referenced texts should be corrected, removed, or marked with inline cleanup tags, such as:
<br>{{Dubious}} - in source code editing, this is added by the addition of <nowiki>{{Dubious}}</nowiki>.
<br>{{Citation needed}} - by <nowiki>{{Citation needed}}</nowiki>.
<br>{{Better source}} - by <nowiki>{{Better source}}</nowiki>.

When sources have conflicting information, the alternatives are:
*Mention the differences (such as in [[Neck#Trauma]]). This is generally recommended when guidelines come from different countries.
*Choose one that is from a more reliable source, or seems more reasonable. In such cases, a note may be made about alternatives (such as in [[Fluoroscopy of central venous catheters#Notes]]).

==Authorship==
To be mentioned among the authors of an article, a user must:
*Use his/her real name in the author list (regardless of username used for editing).
*Have made a significant contribution to the article. There is no strict cutoff to what is significant, so in case of uncertainty it is recommended to make an entry at the [[Radlines:Discussion page|Discussion page]] of the article on the matter. If there is no response after 4 days, it is acceptable to add oneself in the author list after contributing to the article.
Being listed as an author implies a shared responsibility for the content of the article.

The preferable wiki coding for stating authorship of an article is to add the {{tl|Top}} template, such as in the text below, followed by a {{tl|Bottom}} at the bottom of the article.
:<nowiki>{{Top</nowiki>
:<nowiki>|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]</nowiki>
:<nowiki>|author2=</nowiki>
:<nowiki>}}</nowiki>

When at least one author is listed, and edits have been made by additional users (regardless of fulfilling the criteria above), ''et al.'' should be added to the author list, linking to the "View history" page of the article, in order to denote that the listed author(s) is not the only contributor(s).

When a substantial amount of content (with no strict threshold but often corresponding to about a section) is copied or closely paraphrased from a source with a Creative Commons license that includes attribution (such as [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ CC-BY]), the authors of that article should be mentioned at top, such as "Authors of integrated Creative Commons article" followed by a [[#References|reference]] to that article. If only minor portions of such article is integrated, it is enough to mention the authors by a reference at the integrated material.

==Target audience==
The text should be written to be understood by a medical school graduate with corresponding radiology knowledge. It should be '''concise''', so that a radiologist (or graduate training to become a radiologist) at work can quickly find the information of interest. For example, do not state what the reader most definitely already knows, such as ''"the exam can be done for both emergent and non-emergent reasons"''.

It should assumed that the readers do '''not know the names''' for the radiologic findings at hand, '''nor which conditions''' are causing them when trying to find their way through the inter-article structure of Radlines (described in sext section).

Text can be written in imperative format where appropriate, such as "Look at..." or "Avoid...".

The '''ambition''' should be what is acceptable for a general radiologist without sub-specialization to perform. More detailed evaluations should be linked to separate articles, whose title can begin as "Beyond the acceptable for evaluating...".

==Inter-article structure==
Articles in Radlines can be directly found by search engine, either by the internal search box at top, or external ones. In addition, each article subject should be connected with the main page through links in a series of pages, so that a radiologist can find their way to it by the appearance of that condition. For example, [[Angiomyolipoma]] should be found by clicking links in articles in the following sequence:
{|class="wikitable"
| '''Level''' || Main || Location || Location || Modality+Location || Modality+Presentation+Location || Disease
|-
| '''Example''' || [[Main]] || [[Abdomen and pelvis]] || [[Kidneys]] || [[CT of the kidneys]] || [[CT of renal mass]] || [[Angiomyolipoma]]
|}

There may be variations in the level structure, such as additional levels between the ones above, or articles about diseases in specific locations or by a specific modality.

By linking to further information in other articles, each article should be kept short enough to be read conveniently for a radiologist working with the subject at hand. Practically, this allows for somewhat longer articles for non-emergent exams.

===No orphans===
The creator of a new article must link the article back through a likely sequence that a radiologist would find that condition when seeing it. Articles lacking an unbroken connection to the main page should be tagged with {{Template|Orphan}}, and should be either connected to a sequence or deleted (if the author has been notified of this intention but hasn't made amendments in over two weeks).

Structuring into these levels require more extensive work for more systemic diseases. [[Arthritis]], for example, must be added in the articles of multiple joints. It is the responsibility of the creator of such a disease article to add it to all locations where it is well known to be relevant. It may therefore be more simple to start with for example [[X-ray of arthritis of the hand]], which only needs linking from [[X-ray of the hand]].

An author wanting to upload a case must therefore make sure that there is at least a short article about the condition in general, for example a general article about [[angiomyolipoma]] (or CT or other specified modality of angiomyolipoma) when wanting to upload images of an unusual presentation of it.

===Forking===
Forking means to make one or more sub-articles from contents of a longer article. This should be done when the resultant structure better conforms to the inter-article structure above, and also when an article exceeds 15-20 images. The parent article should link to the fork by the following note at the top of the section:
{{Main|Fork title}}
This can be generated by the template [[Template:Main|<nowiki>{{Main|Fork title}}</nowiki>]]. The section of the parent article should also contain a short summary of the most relevant aspects of the topic. As an example, see:
*[[Ultrasonography of the scrotum#Intratesticular tumors]]

==No plain lists of causes==
[[File:No lists of causes.png|thumb|180px]]
[[File:Causes of hip pain.jpg|thumb|Potential causes seen on [[X-ray of hip pain]].]]
When linking to a condition from the previous level in the sequence, it must not be done by including it in a plain list of causes. Rather, it must be integrated so that it is clear ''how'' it is different from other conditions. It can be done in prose (such as at [[CT_urography#Further_evaluation_of_suspected_tumors|Evaluation of suspected bladder tumors]] where for example a lack of enhancement indicates hematoma), and/or a table such as this example of how to include [[Angiomyolipoma]] in the article [[CT of renal mass]]:
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Causes of renal mass: CT findings<ref>{{cite web|url=http://radiologyassistant.nl/en/p571eea20ec282/kidney-solid-masses.html|title=Kidney - Solid masses|website={{RA}}|author=Rinze Reinhard, Mandy van der Zon-Conijn and Robin Smithuis|accessdate=2018-05-26}}</ref>
|-
| [[Angiomyolipoma]] || Macroscopic fat
|-
| [[Renal cell cancer]] || No fat
|-
| etc. || etc.
|}

At least the most common causes should be mentioned in such differentials.

If there is no radiologic appearance that distinguishes the condition from one or more other conditions, then another type of distinctive feature needs to be mentioned, such as a specific clinical symptom, or epidemiology including incidence or prevalence. Images of the conditions are sufficient when the difference is visually obvious.<ref group="notes">Without the rule of no lists of causes, such lists in similar wiki projects such as Radiopaedia tend to develop into excessively long lists, which are not useful at all.</ref>

Exemptions to the rule of no lists of causes:
*[[#Modality+Location articles|Modality+location articles]] may contain a "Diseases" or "Objectives" section. [[#Modality+Location articles|See below for requirements.]]
*If the article as a whole clearly conveys unique characteristics for each listed condition.
*The list has a description that radiologists generally do not need to distinguish between the conditions, and why that is the case. Reasons include that the conditions are rare or insignificant so that radiologists generally do not need to screen for them unless specifically asked by the referring clinician.
{{Current focus}}

For most needed articles, see [[Radlines:Contribute]].

==Radlines is made by humans==
Do not import or generate content in large amounts by automatic applications. It is acceptable to copy-paste text from other sources with compatible licensing (see [[Radlines:Copyright]]), but it needs to be properly integrated into the context of existing Radlines material.

It is acceptable to perform automated maintenance tasks, such as making terminology or organization more consistent, but it should be done with care, because an unusual layout or wording may be better for certain conditions.

Radlines uses [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Categories Categories] for scrolling among less common diseases. However, categories are not a replacement for articles that describe, summarize and distinguish related topics.

==Abbreviations==
Computed tomography should be abbreviated as CT, and magnetic resonance imaging should be abbreviated as MRI, since medical doctors can be presumed to be familiar with these.

Similarly, projectional radiography should be termed '''X-ray''' in article titles, but the introduction should include '''projectional radiography ("X-ray")''' to specify the scope, and X-ray should thereafter be used in article prose as well.

==Images==
Use [[Radlines:Upload]] to upload new files.
*See [[Radlines:Copyright]] for information regarding what images you may upload.
*See [[#Cases]] below for case-related guidelines.

[[File:T1-weighted-MRI.png|thumb|150px|Image description.]]
Images can be added in articles by clicking the "Edit" tab at top and then "Insert" and "Media". In source code, images are added to the right in the text by the following code for an example file "File:T1-weighted-MRI.png":<br>
<nowiki>[[File:T1-weighted-MRI.png|thumb|150px|Image description.]]</nowiki>

For more rendering alternatives, see [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Images Mediawiki:Help:Images]

==Links==
;Internal
Add internal links for words that are notable enough in radiology to have their own article, whether or not that article exists yet or not. In source code editing, internal links are created by adding <nowiki>[[</nowiki> and <nowiki>]]</nowiki> around the word or words. The text can be made different than the linked article title by <nowiki>[[title|text]]</nowiki>. For example, <nowiki>[[Reporting|General notes on reporting]]</nowiki> shows as [[Reporting|General notes on reporting]] but links to the article [[Reporting]].

;External
External links, when not used as [[#References|references]], should be kept in a separate section at the end of an article. They should only include open access pages. External links are not a replacement for writing content in Radlines with the same topic.
<br>In source code, external links are added by <nowiki>[URL title]</nowiki>. For example, with the following code: <br><nowiki>*[https://www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/surgery?showPage=diagnosis&bone=Femur&segment=Proximal AO classification of proximal femur fractures]</nowiki><br>The following link is generated:
*[https://www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/surgery?showPage=diagnosis&bone=Femur&segment=Proximal AO classification of proximal femur fractures]

An exception is radiographic positioning, where links to the corresponding article in [http://www.wikiradiography.net/ wikiradiography] can be added in the body of an article. For example, [[Forearm]] may contain the following links:
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+AP Forearm - AP]
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+Lateral Forearm - Lateral]

==General section recommendations==
Suggested headers for different types of articles are given in their sections below. Still, it is not necessary for the creator of an article to start multiple sections right away, but can let it grow with time by collaborative editing.

Radiographic positioning and settings may contain a link to one or more relevant articles in [http://www.wikiradiography.net/ wikiradiography]. For example, [[Forearm]] may contain the following links:
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+AP Forearm - AP]
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Forearm+-+Lateral Forearm - Lateral]

Sections to generally '''avoid''':
*'''Anatomy''' sections should generally not be used, because any relevant anatomy should be integrated into its context in other sections.
*'''Treatment''', unless regularly performed by radiologists themselves. Otherwise, information about treatment is only relevant if being written together with how it affects the way to plan, evaluate or report on the imaging.
*Section headers without content, where section content should be added right away, or the header be removed.

==Modality+Location articles==

Example: [[CT of the thorax]].

===Sections===
*'''Normal anatomy''', preferably including various age groups, such as at [[X-ray of the hand]]
:*'''"Normal" findings in chronic conditions''', which are generally not used in the diagnosis of that condition. This includes expected findings in congenital conditions whose diagnosis is generally made clinically or genetically close to birth, thereby allowing radiologists to determine if a finding is part of their known condition or because of a new disease or disorder.
*'''Basic screening''', which should generally be done regardless of the issue raised by the referral
*'''Diseases and conditions''' or '''Objectives''':
:*For any entry that does not yet have its own article, preferably only list it if you intend to write that article yourself in a near future.
:*Only include entries that are common or meaningful radiologic referral reasons. For example, [[CT of lung nodules]] is listed in [[CT of the thorax]], and not for example "CT of adenocarcinoma" because it is not a CT diagnosis.
:*Initially, conditions may be included in the article if being short, such as [[CT of the thorax#Lymphadenopathy]]. They should, however, preferably be expanded to own articles that are linked from the Modality+Location article as described in the [[#Inter-article structure]] section above.
:*[[#Templates|Templates (see below)]] can be used to include conditions both in the overall location article as well as the Modality+Location articles, such as {{tl|Diseases and conditions associated with CT and MRI of the head}} being included in [[Head]] and [[MRI of the head]] (while [[CT of the head]] has developed a more detailed list).
:As the list becomes larger, with over 5-10 entries, only the most common or otherwise significant ones should remain in the article, and the rest be moved to anatomic sub-regions or be linked from a separate category page.
*'''Techniques''', with subtypes of the topic at hand, such as [[CT of the thorax]] having a section on CT [[angiography]] of the region.
*'''Report''', containing at least a report on a basic screening of the investigation at hand. It is recommended to also insert the [[#Templates|template]] {{tl|Reporting}} below the header in order to link to general notes about reporting. It does ''not'' need to mention "additional findings upon image evaluation" or similar.

==Modality-unspecific disease or presentation articles==
Examples: [[Urolithiasis]], [[Neck trauma]]

These articles should focus on the planning of the investigation, such as by the following layout:
*'''Planning''', which assumes that there is a referral specifically asking for an investigation of the subject at hand. Recommended subsections include:
:*'''Justification''' of the investigation, such as symptoms raising the suspicion of the condition.
:*'''Choice of modality''', with preferable modalities and their main factors to consider in the choice.
:*'''How soon''' the investigation should be done.

The title should generally not be in plural.

Other aspects of the disease should generally be added at linked modality-specific articles.

Preferably, the section should be written as a template (see [[#Templates]] section below) that can be displayed in the modality-specific articles as well, such as [[Template:Neck trauma - choice of modality]], which is shown both in [[Neck trauma]] and [[CT of the neck in trauma]].

==Modality-specific disease or presentation articles==
Example: [[X-ray of distal radius fracture]]

===Title===
The title should include all the components (such as [[X-ray of distal radius fracture]]) unless the condition is specific for a particular location (such as [[Ultrasonography of appendicitis]]). Adpositions are generally "of", "in" or "for". There is no need for "suspected" or "possible" even for investigations generally used to rule out the disease.

The disease may be either in the plural form (such as in [[X-ray of fractures]]) or singular form (such as in [[X-ray of distal radius fracture]]).

===Sections===
The recommended layout is as follows:
*'''Introduction''', including a definition of the condition, and/or links to parent articles where available. For example, the introduction in the article ''[[X-ray of hip prostheses]]'' can start as ''"For '''[[X-ray of the hip joint]]''' in the presence of a prosthesis..."''.
*'''Planning'''. Possible content includes:
:*'''Choice of modality''', describing when to use available modalities (and not just ''"modalities may include:"'' or similar). This subsection should be written as a template (see [[#Templates]] section below) that can be displayed in modality-unspecific articles as well, such as [[Template:Neck trauma - choice of modality]], which is shown both in [[Neck trauma]] and [[CT of the neck in trauma]]. Include the "Choice of modality" header in the template. Thereby, these templates are editable by clicking the ''edit'' button by that header.
:*'''How soon''' the investigation should be done
:*What '''settings''' or '''sequences''' of for example MRI or CT are recommended
*'''Quality checking''', including signs that the investigation needs to be redone
*'''Analysis''' of '''Findings''', whose structure of subsections should generally be based on appearance, but sometimes on other information that is generally known, such as age of the patient for bone tumors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiologyassistant.nl/en/p494e15cbf0d8d/bone-tumor-systematic-approach-and-differential-diagnosis.html|title=Bone tumor - Systematic approach and Differential diagnosis|author=Henk Jan van der Woude and Robin Smithuis|site={{RA}}|accessdate=2018-05-26}}</ref>
:It is also recommended to link to general screening in CT and MRI for the location at hand, such as [[CT in dementia]] linking to [[CT_of_the_head#Basic_screening|Basic screening of head CT]].
:*'''Further evaluation''', with important concomitant findings when the disease is known, such as staging of cancers.
*'''Report''', preferably including at least one example of a report with typical findings of a disease ([[X-ray of knee prosthesis#Report|Example]]), as well as one report including the most important absences of findings when the disease is important to rule out. It is recommended to also insert the [[#Templates|template]] {{tl|Reporting}} below the header in order to link to general notes about reporting. Different levels of comprehensiveness is preferable, such as at [[X-ray of hip prostheses#Report]].

Disease articles can have a short introduction with one or two sentences about pathophysiology, and likewise for symptoms, prognosis and general treatment. Otherwise, these aspects should only be included where relevant in the radiologic differential diagnosis. These aspects are not necessary if the differential diagnosis can be made by visible radiologic findings alone.

==Cases==
Case descriptions should be written entirely in the description page of the uploaded image. Descriptions must include:
*'''Consent note''', for example "Verbal consent"
The following additional data are preferable:
*'''Diagnostic certainty''', from "Possible", "Probable", "Almost certain" to "Certain", or "Not applicable"
*Patient '''age'''
*Patient '''sex'''
*Patient '''history''' and/or '''symptoms'''
*'''Findings''' in the image

===Multiple images===
In cases with 2 or 3 images, it can be done by either:
*Copying the descriptions to each image page.
*Make an article starting as "Case of a ...", and linking to that article in each image page.
*Templating, as described in the [[#Templates]] section below. For this purpose, the steps include:
**Giving the template a title, for example: ''26 year old woman with ectopic pregnancy, description''
**Write the case description on the template page. On the template page, tt is also recommended to list all images that belong to the case.
**Press save, and implement the template in each related image.

===Image stacks===
{{Imagestack
|width=250
|title=Title
|align=right
|background=#ffffff
|loop=no
|File:Computed tomography of human brain (16).png|Caption of 1st image
|File:Computed tomography of human brain (15).png|Next image has no caption
|File:Computed tomography of human brain (14).png|
}}

Image stacks such as for CTs and MRIs can be created by choosing "Edit source" and adding for example the following code (resultant stack displayed at right):
{|class="wikitable"
|
<nowiki>{{Imagestack</nowiki>
<br>|width=250
<br>|title=Title
<br>|align=right
<br>|background=#ffffff
<br>|loop=no
<br>|File:Computed tomography of human brain (16).png|Caption of 1st image
<br>|File:Computed tomography of human brain (15).png|Next image has no caption
<br>|File:Computed tomography of human brain (14).png|
<br><nowiki>}}</nowiki>
|}
To make it easier for both yourself and the reader, limit the stack to only the images necessary to demonstrate the conditions at hand.

To move through the images, hover over the image and use scroll wheel, drag the mouse over the image, or click the < or the > above each stack. This functionality should activate when the page is fully loaded, which may take some if there are many images in the stack.

==Interventions==

===Sections===
The recommended layout is as follows:
*'''Planning''' or '''Preparation'''
:*'''Choice of modality'''
:*'''Bleeding''', such as by the template <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Low risk of bleeding|Low risk of bleeding]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>
:*'''Choice''' of material and/or instruments, for example "Transducer choice" for ultrasonographic interventions
:*'''Patient information'''
:*'''Time taken''', which can be given as the time usually allotted to the procedure.
*'''Procedure'''
*'''Report'''

Example: [[Ultrasound-guided hip joint injection]]

==How to create a new article==
You need to create an account and become approved as Editor before being able to create articles. See [[Radlines:About#Participation]]. As an approved Editor, you can create an article as follows:

<div style="align:left; max-width:40em"><inputbox>
type = create
buttonlabel = Create article
placeholder = Enter article title here and click "Create article"
break = no
editintro = Radlines:Article editintro
</inputbox></div>

You also get the alternative to create an article by clicking [[red links]] (terms lacking an article), or by searching for such terms in the search box at top right.

==Templates==
A template has the ability to show the same material in multiple pages, and edits to it show up immediately in all those pages.

===Indications===
{|class="wikitable" align="right"
| This table appears in multiple articles
|-
| {{Diameters of abdominal aorta}}
|}
For example, the template {{tl|Diameters of abdominal aorta}} shows a table of the diameters of the aorta in both of these articles:
*[[CT of abdominal aneurysm]]
*[[Ultrasonography of abdominal aneurysm]]
This avoids contradictions and missed locations when the data needs to be updated.

Templates can be used for data tables, like the example, that are applicable to multiple articles. They can also be used for case descriptions on each related image page as described in the [[#Cases|Cases section]] above.

However, they should not be used for article prose, whose optimal wording often depends on the context of the article.

Common templates include:
*"Choice of modality" sections as described in [[#Modality-specific disease or presentation articles]] above.
*Links to more general information on a topic, such as the {{tl|Reporting}} template which should be added at the end of each such section, or {{tl|X-ray of fractures}} which may be added at the evaluation section of each such article.

===Creation===
<div style="align:left; max-width:40em"><inputbox>
type = create
buttonlabel = Create template
placeholder = Template title
prefix = Template:
break = no
editintro = Radlines:Template editintro
</inputbox></div>

For templates used in articles, preferably make a table box for template content, to show what content belongs to the template, such as <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Low risk of bleeding|Low risk of bleeding]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki> (from top menu, or by placing
:<nowiki>{|class="wikitable"</nowiki>
:<nowiki>|</nowiki>
at the top and
:<nowiki>|}</nowiki>
below template content.

===Implementation===
Write the same title, surrounded by two curly brackets on each side, where the template is needed, such as:<br> <nowiki>{{26 year old woman with ectopic pregnancy, description}}</nowiki>

===Edit===
<div style="align:left; max-width:40em"><inputbox>
type = create
buttonlabel = Edit template
placeholder = Template title
prefix = Template:
break = no
</inputbox></div>
Alternatively, templates can be edited by searching for the template title in the search bar at top, preceded by ''Template:'' but without the curly brackets, such as:<br> ''Template:26 year old woman with ectopic pregnancy, description''

When editing or viewing a template page, the pages where it is used are found at "What links here" in the left menu.

''Technical description of templates in MediaWiki: [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Templates MediaWiki: Help: Templates]

==Variations of English==
Radlines articles may be written in ''American English'' (such as tumor) or ''British English'' (such as tumo'''u'''r). Keep a consistent format within each article; If an article is started in ''American English'', make any additions in ''American English'' as well.

==Talk pages==
Talk pages of each article is found by clicking the "Discussion" tab above. Use the "Edit source" or "Add topic" to make additional entries. Add <code><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code> at the end, which will add your username and timestamp. The "Add a comment" functionality is reserved for readers who do not have Editor permission.

===Introducing new editors===
New editors can be welcomed by adding the following, or similar, on their talk pages (which can be found by entering "User talk:" followed by the username in the search bar):

*Welcome to Radlines! I have received your submitted form, and I have now added you as an editor of Radlines. You will find more information on how to contribute at [[Radlines:Contribute]]. (If the new editor has approved this in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdqCj6TIIx8AuMiWthPWuohwxPoIVz7j0BUAIWQbrq-dT_Kqw/viewform the form]:) I have also added you at [[Radlines:About#Editors]]. You are welcome to add more details about yourself there, as well as at your user page (see [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines#User_page]]). Again, welcome! (Signature)

In source code editing, the above may be added by copy-pasting the following text:
*<code><nowiki>Welcome to Radlines! I have received your submitted form, and I have now added you as an editor of Radlines. You will find more information on how to contribute at [[Radlines:Contribute]]. I have also added you at [[Radlines:About#Editors]]. You are welcome to add more details about yourself there, as well as at your user page (see [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines#User_page]]). Feel free to ask me if you have any further questions. Again, welcome! ~~~~</nowiki></code>

==See also==
*[[Radlines:About]]
*[[Radlines:Copyright]]
{{Bottom}}

Radlines:About

2019-09-05T09:18:57Z

Mikael Häggström: /* History */ Updated

'''Radlines''' (at [https://www.radlines.org radlines.org]) is an online source for radiologists. It is an international, non-profit, open access, ad-free, MediaWiki-based online source that is editable by doctors, as well as selected administrators, while everyone is welcome to leave comments and suggestions at talk pages. The mission of Radlines is to gather the most relevant information in radiology and make it quickly accessible on the Internet free of charge, without ads, in perpetuity.

==Participation==
Editors of articles must be doctors of medicine, or have formal expertise in radiology by other means. The [[Radlines:Discussion page|Discussion pages]], on the other hand, are editable by everyone, even without logging in, for comments and suggestions. Newcomers start participating by creating an account at:
*[[Special:CreateAccount]]
This provides a username, but to make edits to articles, newcomers also need to specify their professional status at: <br>- '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdqCj6TIIx8AuMiWthPWuohwxPoIVz7j0BUAIWQbrq-dT_Kqw/viewform Form: Application for Editor status (link)]'''<br>This will be reviewed by the board, and will generally be approved within a day during European daytime for radiologists or radiology trainees with a Doctor of Medicine degree. It does '''not''' require attaching any credentials such as a medical diploma. Yet, all edits made by the user are tracked in the MediaWiki software, and upon any irregular behavior, an investigation will be performed wherein the user may be requested to provide identification and credentials to the board. Failure to provide those items may result in that edits made by that user will be reverted. Thus, the activity of an editor is the main "job interview" in order to contribute. A possible adverse effect of this system is that the board may not know for certain whether an editor is actually a doctor or not, as long as she/he claims to be a doctor and edits like one. Yet, the quality of the content is thereby practically the same.

An Editor may still use an anonymous username, but real names must be used in the author lists at the top of articles, see [[Radlines:Authorship]].

Radlines may cooperate with other radiology-related organizations such as societies and hospitals, but is not directly affiliated with any such organization. Rather, it forms a community where individual doctors from all over the world can participate, regardless of memberships or affiliations with other organizations.

==Content structure==
Articles in Radlines can be directly found by search engine, either by the internal search box at top, or external ones. In addition, each article subject should be connected with the main page through a series of pages, so that a radiologist can quickly find their way to it by appearance or other distinction of the condition. For example, [[Pneumonia]] on a chest X-ray should be found by the following sequence:
*[[Main]] --> [[Thorax]] --> [[Chest radiograph]] --> [[Consolidation on chest radiograph]] --> [[Pneumonia]]

Radiologists should thereby be able to find an article about the type of image they have at hand through as little as 2 clicks, with no need to login, and no distracting ads.

''Further information: [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines|Editorial guidelines]].''

==What Radlines is NOT==
*Radlines is NOT a place to cut and paste '''copyrighted''' material, see [[Radlines:Copyright]]
*Radlines is NOT a place to '''promote''' own research, websites or organizations
*Radlines is not a '''mirror''' or a '''repository''' of images or media files: Uploads need to be relevant in the course of work for a radiologist, and must be properly integrated in its context, see [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines]]
*Radlines is NOT a place for editors who are '''protective''' of their prose: The project is collaborative, which means that other editors may edit, move and sometimes even remove the content
*Radlines is NOT a place to get personal medical '''advice''', see [[Radlines:Disclaimer]]

==Differences from Radiopaedia==
Radlines is in most ways a non-profit and ad-free alternative to Radiopaedia, which is currently the most comprehensive wiki-based reference work in radiology. Radiopaedia is a "business" owned by Investling.com,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://investling.com/|title=Our Businesses|accessdate=2018-05-14|website=Investling.com}}</ref> making profit by advertising and paid subscription. Radlines, on the other hand, is able to run on donations and volunteer time alone.

Radlines also has less restrictive licensing of its content. Radiopedia by default uses the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 license], which makes the material ineligible for integration into for example Wikimedia projects including Wikipedia. The "NonCommercial" part is contradictory to the business nature of the site. Content in Radlines, on the other hand, is by default licensed as [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Attribution 4.0 International license], which will allow the content to be used by a greater amount of scholarly websites around the world. Further information: [[Radlines:Copyright]]

Also, Radiopaedia has limited ability for finding content by hierarchical browsing. Although it has a sorting of articles by "Section" or "System", each of these categories contains hundreds to thousands of articles [https://radiopaedia.org/encyclopaedia/all/musculoskeletal?page=1 (Example)], with limited ability to conveniently find the most relevant content unless knowing the specific article title beforehand. Radlines, on the other hand, allows for browsing by anatomy, modality and visible findings, allowing readers to find the relevant information even without knowing the names for the radiologic findings at hand beforehand, nor which conditions are causing them. Further information: [[Radlines:Editorial_guidelines#Inter-article_structure|Editorial guidelines: Inter-article structure]]

{|class="wikitable"
! !! Radiopaedia !! Radlines
|-
| Non-profit || No || Yes
|-
| Ads or paid subscription || Yes || No
|-
| Financial statement || Secret || Open
|-
| Default license || [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ BY-NC-SA 3.0] || [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ BY 4.0]
|}

Radiopaedia started out in the same (but older versioned) WikiMedia system before switching to a separate platform, but MediaWiki has since evolved substantially, including support for scrollable stacks to display for example CT scans, and VisualEditor for editing without needing to learn wiki coding.

==Differences from other radiology-related sources==
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/ wikiradiography.net] is a free website for radiographers, sonographers and students of those professions, rather than radiologists.
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/ Wikipedia] is a general encyclopedia that does contain extensive information in radiology, but does not focus on presenting the information in an optimally concise way for radiologists in the course of their work. Otherwise, Radlines shares Wikipedia's feature of having most images uploaded to the shared database Wikimedia Commons [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page] (see also [[Radlines:Upload]]), making such images readily available for both Radlines and other online sources.

==Organization==
Radlines is a member wiki of [[Prowikis]], which is a non-profit organization aimed at the creation and technical maintenance of profession-specific wikis.

:''Further information: '''[[Prowikis]]'''''

===Editors===
{{Editor summary
| name =Mikael Häggström
| qualifications =[[Wikipedia:Doctor_of_Medicine#United_States_and_Canada|MD]]
| position =
| image =Mikael Häggström 2017 (wide).jpg
| link =https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mikael_H%C3%A4ggstr%C3%B6m
| professional_experience =Dr Mikael Häggström is from [[Wikipedia:Uddevalla|Uddevalla]], [[Wikipedia:Sweden|Sweden]], and graduated from [[Wikipedia:Uppsala University Faculty of Medicine|Uppsala University, Faculty of Medicine]] in 2013. He attended radiology residency at the radiology department at the [[Wikipedia:NU Hospital Group|NU Hospital Group]] between November 2016 and August 2019.
}}

{{Editor summary
| name =Rodrigo Horstmann Castilhos
| qualifications =
| position =
| image =
| link =https://radlines.org/index.php?title=User:Rhcastilhos
| professional_experience =
}}

==History==
[[File:Look of Radlines on the day of its creation.png|thumb|200px|Radlines (then named Radviser) on the day of its creation on April 10, 2018.]]
Radlines was created April 10, 2018 by Mikael Häggström, during his radiology residency in Sweden. He is also frequent Wikipedia editor ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mikael_H%C3%A4ggstr%C3%B6m Wikipedia presentation]), and also creator and editor-in-chief of [http://www.wikijmed.org/ WikiJournal of Medicine]. The project was started as "Radviser" on [https://meta.miraheze.org/wiki/Miraheze Miraheze], a free MediaWiki host, but moved to Civihosting servers on May 13. It was renamed to "Radlines" on May 23, 2018.

{|class="wikitable"
! Milestone !! Date !! Article
|-
| 100 pages || August 2, 2018 || [[Pelvic bones]] [https://radlines.org/index.php?title=Pelvic_bones&oldid=1431]
|-
| 200 pages || January 12, 2019 || [[Ultrasonography of hydronephrosis]] [https://radlines.org/index.php?title=Ultrasonography_of_hydronephrosis&oldid=2721]
|}

==See also==
*[[Radlines:Contribute]]
*[[Radlines:Editorial guidelines]]
*[[Radlines:Copyright]]

Social media pages:
*[https://www.facebook.com/radlines.org Facebook]
*[https://twitter.com/Radlines_org Twitter]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Radlines:About

2019-09-05T09:18:16Z

Mikael Häggström: /* Editors */ Updated

'''Radlines''' (at [https://www.radlines.org radlines.org]) is an online source for radiologists. It is an international, non-profit, open access, ad-free, MediaWiki-based online source that is editable by doctors, as well as selected administrators, while everyone is welcome to leave comments and suggestions at talk pages. The mission of Radlines is to gather the most relevant information in radiology and make it quickly accessible on the Internet free of charge, without ads, in perpetuity.

==Participation==
Editors of articles must be doctors of medicine, or have formal expertise in radiology by other means. The [[Radlines:Discussion page|Discussion pages]], on the other hand, are editable by everyone, even without logging in, for comments and suggestions. Newcomers start participating by creating an account at:
*[[Special:CreateAccount]]
This provides a username, but to make edits to articles, newcomers also need to specify their professional status at: <br>- '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdqCj6TIIx8AuMiWthPWuohwxPoIVz7j0BUAIWQbrq-dT_Kqw/viewform Form: Application for Editor status (link)]'''<br>This will be reviewed by the board, and will generally be approved within a day during European daytime for radiologists or radiology trainees with a Doctor of Medicine degree. It does '''not''' require attaching any credentials such as a medical diploma. Yet, all edits made by the user are tracked in the MediaWiki software, and upon any irregular behavior, an investigation will be performed wherein the user may be requested to provide identification and credentials to the board. Failure to provide those items may result in that edits made by that user will be reverted. Thus, the activity of an editor is the main "job interview" in order to contribute. A possible adverse effect of this system is that the board may not know for certain whether an editor is actually a doctor or not, as long as she/he claims to be a doctor and edits like one. Yet, the quality of the content is thereby practically the same.

An Editor may still use an anonymous username, but real names must be used in the author lists at the top of articles, see [[Radlines:Authorship]].

Radlines may cooperate with other radiology-related organizations such as societies and hospitals, but is not directly affiliated with any such organization. Rather, it forms a community where individual doctors from all over the world can participate, regardless of memberships or affiliations with other organizations.

==Content structure==
Articles in Radlines can be directly found by search engine, either by the internal search box at top, or external ones. In addition, each article subject should be connected with the main page through a series of pages, so that a radiologist can quickly find their way to it by appearance or other distinction of the condition. For example, [[Pneumonia]] on a chest X-ray should be found by the following sequence:
*[[Main]] --> [[Thorax]] --> [[Chest radiograph]] --> [[Consolidation on chest radiograph]] --> [[Pneumonia]]

Radiologists should thereby be able to find an article about the type of image they have at hand through as little as 2 clicks, with no need to login, and no distracting ads.

''Further information: [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines|Editorial guidelines]].''

==What Radlines is NOT==
*Radlines is NOT a place to cut and paste '''copyrighted''' material, see [[Radlines:Copyright]]
*Radlines is NOT a place to '''promote''' own research, websites or organizations
*Radlines is not a '''mirror''' or a '''repository''' of images or media files: Uploads need to be relevant in the course of work for a radiologist, and must be properly integrated in its context, see [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines]]
*Radlines is NOT a place for editors who are '''protective''' of their prose: The project is collaborative, which means that other editors may edit, move and sometimes even remove the content
*Radlines is NOT a place to get personal medical '''advice''', see [[Radlines:Disclaimer]]

==Differences from Radiopaedia==
Radlines is in most ways a non-profit and ad-free alternative to Radiopaedia, which is currently the most comprehensive wiki-based reference work in radiology. Radiopaedia is a "business" owned by Investling.com,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://investling.com/|title=Our Businesses|accessdate=2018-05-14|website=Investling.com}}</ref> making profit by advertising and paid subscription. Radlines, on the other hand, is able to run on donations and volunteer time alone.

Radlines also has less restrictive licensing of its content. Radiopedia by default uses the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 license], which makes the material ineligible for integration into for example Wikimedia projects including Wikipedia. The "NonCommercial" part is contradictory to the business nature of the site. Content in Radlines, on the other hand, is by default licensed as [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Attribution 4.0 International license], which will allow the content to be used by a greater amount of scholarly websites around the world. Further information: [[Radlines:Copyright]]

Also, Radiopaedia has limited ability for finding content by hierarchical browsing. Although it has a sorting of articles by "Section" or "System", each of these categories contains hundreds to thousands of articles [https://radiopaedia.org/encyclopaedia/all/musculoskeletal?page=1 (Example)], with limited ability to conveniently find the most relevant content unless knowing the specific article title beforehand. Radlines, on the other hand, allows for browsing by anatomy, modality and visible findings, allowing readers to find the relevant information even without knowing the names for the radiologic findings at hand beforehand, nor which conditions are causing them. Further information: [[Radlines:Editorial_guidelines#Inter-article_structure|Editorial guidelines: Inter-article structure]]

{|class="wikitable"
! !! Radiopaedia !! Radlines
|-
| Non-profit || No || Yes
|-
| Ads or paid subscription || Yes || No
|-
| Financial statement || Secret || Open
|-
| Default license || [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ BY-NC-SA 3.0] || [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ BY 4.0]
|}

Radiopaedia started out in the same (but older versioned) WikiMedia system before switching to a separate platform, but MediaWiki has since evolved substantially, including support for scrollable stacks to display for example CT scans, and VisualEditor for editing without needing to learn wiki coding.

==Differences from other radiology-related sources==
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/ wikiradiography.net] is a free website for radiographers, sonographers and students of those professions, rather than radiologists.
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/ Wikipedia] is a general encyclopedia that does contain extensive information in radiology, but does not focus on presenting the information in an optimally concise way for radiologists in the course of their work. Otherwise, Radlines shares Wikipedia's feature of having most images uploaded to the shared database Wikimedia Commons [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page] (see also [[Radlines:Upload]]), making such images readily available for both Radlines and other online sources.

==Organization==
Radlines is a member wiki of [[Prowikis]], which is a non-profit organization aimed at the creation and technical maintenance of profession-specific wikis.

:''Further information: '''[[Prowikis]]'''''

===Editors===
{{Editor summary
| name =Mikael Häggström
| qualifications =[[Wikipedia:Doctor_of_Medicine#United_States_and_Canada|MD]]
| position =
| image =Mikael Häggström 2017 (wide).jpg
| link =https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mikael_H%C3%A4ggstr%C3%B6m
| professional_experience =Dr Mikael Häggström is from [[Wikipedia:Uddevalla|Uddevalla]], [[Wikipedia:Sweden|Sweden]], and graduated from [[Wikipedia:Uppsala University Faculty of Medicine|Uppsala University, Faculty of Medicine]] in 2013. He attended radiology residency at the radiology department at the [[Wikipedia:NU Hospital Group|NU Hospital Group]] between November 2016 and August 2019.
}}

{{Editor summary
| name =Rodrigo Horstmann Castilhos
| qualifications =
| position =
| image =
| link =https://radlines.org/index.php?title=User:Rhcastilhos
| professional_experience =
}}

==History==
[[File:Look of Radlines on the day of its creation.png|thumb|200px|Radlines (then named Radviser) on the day of its creation on April 10, 2018.]]
Radlines was created April 10, 2018 by Mikael Häggström, who is a radiology resident in Sweden, a frequent Wikipedia editor ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mikael_H%C3%A4ggstr%C3%B6m Wikipedia presentation]), and also creator and editor-in-chief of [http://www.wikijmed.org/ WikiJournal of Medicine]. The project was started as "Radviser" on [https://meta.miraheze.org/wiki/Miraheze Miraheze], a free MediaWiki host, but moved to Civihosting servers on May 13. It was renamed to "Radlines" on May 23, 2018.

{|class="wikitable"
! Milestone !! Date !! Article
|-
| 100 pages || August 2, 2018 || [[Pelvic bones]] [https://radlines.org/index.php?title=Pelvic_bones&oldid=1431]
|-
| 200 pages || January 12, 2019 || [[Ultrasonography of hydronephrosis]] [https://radlines.org/index.php?title=Ultrasonography_of_hydronephrosis&oldid=2721]
|}

==See also==
*[[Radlines:Contribute]]
*[[Radlines:Editorial guidelines]]
*[[Radlines:Copyright]]

Social media pages:
*[https://www.facebook.com/radlines.org Facebook]
*[https://twitter.com/Radlines_org Twitter]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Radlines:About

2019-09-05T09:12:50Z

Mikael Häggström: Updated

'''Radlines''' (at [https://www.radlines.org radlines.org]) is an online source for radiologists. It is an international, non-profit, open access, ad-free, MediaWiki-based online source that is editable by doctors, as well as selected administrators, while everyone is welcome to leave comments and suggestions at talk pages. The mission of Radlines is to gather the most relevant information in radiology and make it quickly accessible on the Internet free of charge, without ads, in perpetuity.

==Participation==
Editors of articles must be doctors of medicine, or have formal expertise in radiology by other means. The [[Radlines:Discussion page|Discussion pages]], on the other hand, are editable by everyone, even without logging in, for comments and suggestions. Newcomers start participating by creating an account at:
*[[Special:CreateAccount]]
This provides a username, but to make edits to articles, newcomers also need to specify their professional status at: <br>- '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdqCj6TIIx8AuMiWthPWuohwxPoIVz7j0BUAIWQbrq-dT_Kqw/viewform Form: Application for Editor status (link)]'''<br>This will be reviewed by the board, and will generally be approved within a day during European daytime for radiologists or radiology trainees with a Doctor of Medicine degree. It does '''not''' require attaching any credentials such as a medical diploma. Yet, all edits made by the user are tracked in the MediaWiki software, and upon any irregular behavior, an investigation will be performed wherein the user may be requested to provide identification and credentials to the board. Failure to provide those items may result in that edits made by that user will be reverted. Thus, the activity of an editor is the main "job interview" in order to contribute. A possible adverse effect of this system is that the board may not know for certain whether an editor is actually a doctor or not, as long as she/he claims to be a doctor and edits like one. Yet, the quality of the content is thereby practically the same.

An Editor may still use an anonymous username, but real names must be used in the author lists at the top of articles, see [[Radlines:Authorship]].

Radlines may cooperate with other radiology-related organizations such as societies and hospitals, but is not directly affiliated with any such organization. Rather, it forms a community where individual doctors from all over the world can participate, regardless of memberships or affiliations with other organizations.

==Content structure==
Articles in Radlines can be directly found by search engine, either by the internal search box at top, or external ones. In addition, each article subject should be connected with the main page through a series of pages, so that a radiologist can quickly find their way to it by appearance or other distinction of the condition. For example, [[Pneumonia]] on a chest X-ray should be found by the following sequence:
*[[Main]] --> [[Thorax]] --> [[Chest radiograph]] --> [[Consolidation on chest radiograph]] --> [[Pneumonia]]

Radiologists should thereby be able to find an article about the type of image they have at hand through as little as 2 clicks, with no need to login, and no distracting ads.

''Further information: [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines|Editorial guidelines]].''

==What Radlines is NOT==
*Radlines is NOT a place to cut and paste '''copyrighted''' material, see [[Radlines:Copyright]]
*Radlines is NOT a place to '''promote''' own research, websites or organizations
*Radlines is not a '''mirror''' or a '''repository''' of images or media files: Uploads need to be relevant in the course of work for a radiologist, and must be properly integrated in its context, see [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines]]
*Radlines is NOT a place for editors who are '''protective''' of their prose: The project is collaborative, which means that other editors may edit, move and sometimes even remove the content
*Radlines is NOT a place to get personal medical '''advice''', see [[Radlines:Disclaimer]]

==Differences from Radiopaedia==
Radlines is in most ways a non-profit and ad-free alternative to Radiopaedia, which is currently the most comprehensive wiki-based reference work in radiology. Radiopaedia is a "business" owned by Investling.com,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://investling.com/|title=Our Businesses|accessdate=2018-05-14|website=Investling.com}}</ref> making profit by advertising and paid subscription. Radlines, on the other hand, is able to run on donations and volunteer time alone.

Radlines also has less restrictive licensing of its content. Radiopedia by default uses the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 license], which makes the material ineligible for integration into for example Wikimedia projects including Wikipedia. The "NonCommercial" part is contradictory to the business nature of the site. Content in Radlines, on the other hand, is by default licensed as [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Attribution 4.0 International license], which will allow the content to be used by a greater amount of scholarly websites around the world. Further information: [[Radlines:Copyright]]

Also, Radiopaedia has limited ability for finding content by hierarchical browsing. Although it has a sorting of articles by "Section" or "System", each of these categories contains hundreds to thousands of articles [https://radiopaedia.org/encyclopaedia/all/musculoskeletal?page=1 (Example)], with limited ability to conveniently find the most relevant content unless knowing the specific article title beforehand. Radlines, on the other hand, allows for browsing by anatomy, modality and visible findings, allowing readers to find the relevant information even without knowing the names for the radiologic findings at hand beforehand, nor which conditions are causing them. Further information: [[Radlines:Editorial_guidelines#Inter-article_structure|Editorial guidelines: Inter-article structure]]

{|class="wikitable"
! !! Radiopaedia !! Radlines
|-
| Non-profit || No || Yes
|-
| Ads or paid subscription || Yes || No
|-
| Financial statement || Secret || Open
|-
| Default license || [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ BY-NC-SA 3.0] || [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ BY 4.0]
|}

Radiopaedia started out in the same (but older versioned) WikiMedia system before switching to a separate platform, but MediaWiki has since evolved substantially, including support for scrollable stacks to display for example CT scans, and VisualEditor for editing without needing to learn wiki coding.

==Differences from other radiology-related sources==
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/ wikiradiography.net] is a free website for radiographers, sonographers and students of those professions, rather than radiologists.
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/ Wikipedia] is a general encyclopedia that does contain extensive information in radiology, but does not focus on presenting the information in an optimally concise way for radiologists in the course of their work. Otherwise, Radlines shares Wikipedia's feature of having most images uploaded to the shared database Wikimedia Commons [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page] (see also [[Radlines:Upload]]), making such images readily available for both Radlines and other online sources.

==Organization==
Radlines is a member wiki of [[Prowikis]], which is a non-profit organization aimed at the creation and technical maintenance of profession-specific wikis.

:''Further information: '''[[Prowikis]]'''''

===Editors===
{{Editor summary
| name =Mikael Häggström
| qualifications =[[Wikipedia:Doctor_of_Medicine#United_States_and_Canada|MD]]
| position =
| image =Mikael Häggström 2017 (wide).jpg
| link =https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mikael_H%C3%A4ggstr%C3%B6m
| professional_experience =Dr Mikael Häggström is from [[Wikipedia:Uddevalla|Uddevalla]], [[Wikipedia:Sweden|Sweden]], and graduated from [[Wikipedia:Uppsala University Faculty of Medicine|Uppsala University, Faculty of Medicine]] in 2013. He is currently a resident physician at the radiology department at the [[Wikipedia:NU Hospital Group|NU Hospital Group]].
}}

{{Editor summary
| name =Rodrigo Horstmann Castilhos
| qualifications =
| position =
| image =
| link =https://radlines.org/index.php?title=User:Rhcastilhos
| professional_experience =
}}

==History==
[[File:Look of Radlines on the day of its creation.png|thumb|200px|Radlines (then named Radviser) on the day of its creation on April 10, 2018.]]
Radlines was created April 10, 2018 by Mikael Häggström, who is a radiology resident in Sweden, a frequent Wikipedia editor ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mikael_H%C3%A4ggstr%C3%B6m Wikipedia presentation]), and also creator and editor-in-chief of [http://www.wikijmed.org/ WikiJournal of Medicine]. The project was started as "Radviser" on [https://meta.miraheze.org/wiki/Miraheze Miraheze], a free MediaWiki host, but moved to Civihosting servers on May 13. It was renamed to "Radlines" on May 23, 2018.

{|class="wikitable"
! Milestone !! Date !! Article
|-
| 100 pages || August 2, 2018 || [[Pelvic bones]] [https://radlines.org/index.php?title=Pelvic_bones&oldid=1431]
|-
| 200 pages || January 12, 2019 || [[Ultrasonography of hydronephrosis]] [https://radlines.org/index.php?title=Ultrasonography_of_hydronephrosis&oldid=2721]
|}

==See also==
*[[Radlines:Contribute]]
*[[Radlines:Editorial guidelines]]
*[[Radlines:Copyright]]

Social media pages:
*[https://www.facebook.com/radlines.org Facebook]
*[https://twitter.com/Radlines_org Twitter]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Radlines:About

2019-09-05T09:10:52Z

Mikael Häggström: Corrected

'''Radlines''' (at [https://www.radlines.org radlines.org]) is an online source for radiologists. It is an international, non-profit, open access, ad-free, MediaWiki-based online source that is editable by doctors, as well as selected administrators, while everyone is welcome to leave comments and suggestions at talk pages. The mission of Radlines is to gather the most relevant information in radiology and make it quickly accessible on the Internet free of charge, without ads, in perpetuity.

==Participation==
Editors of articles must be doctors of medicine, or have formal expertise in radiology by other means. The [[Radlines:Discussion page|Discussion pages]], on the other hand, are editable by everyone, even without logging in, for comments and suggestions. Newcomers start participating by creating an account at:
*[[Special:CreateAccount]]
This provides a username, but to make edits to articles, newcomers also need to specify their professional status at: <br>- '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdqCj6TIIx8AuMiWthPWuohwxPoIVz7j0BUAIWQbrq-dT_Kqw/viewform Form: Application for Editor status (link)]'''<br>This will be reviewed by the board, and will generally be approved within a day during European daytime for radiologists or radiology trainees with a Doctor of Medicine degree. It does '''not''' require attaching any credentials such as a medical diploma. Yet, all edits made by the user are tracked in the MediaWiki software, and upon any irregular behavior, an investigation will be performed wherein the user may be requested to provide identification and credentials to the board. Failure to provide those items may result in that edits made by that user will be reverted. Thus, the activity of an editor is the main "job interview" in order to contribute. A possible adverse effect of this system is that the board may not know for certain whether an editor is actually a doctor or not, as long as she/he claims to be a doctor and edits like one. Yet, the quality of the content is thereby practically the same.

An Editor may still use an anonymous username, but real names must be used in the author lists at the top of articles, see [[Radlines:Authorship]].

Radlines may cooperate with other radiology-related organizations such as societies and hospitals, but is not directly affiliated with any such organization. Rather, it forms a community where individual doctors from all over the world can participate, regardless of memberships or affiliations with other organizations.

==Content structure==
Articles in Radlines can be directly found by search engine, either by the internal search box at top, or external ones. In addition, each article subject should be connected with the main page through a series of pages, so that a radiologist can quickly find their way to it by appearance or other distinction of the condition. For example, [[Pneumonia]] on a chest X-ray should be found by the following sequence:
*[[Main]] --> [[Thorax]] --> [[Chest radiograph]] --> [[Consolidation on chest radiograph]] --> [[Pneumonia]]

Radiologists should thereby be able to find an article about the type of image they have at hand through as little as 2 clicks, with no need to login, and no distracting ads.

''Further information: [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines|Editorial guidelines]].''

==What Radlines is NOT==
*Radlines is NOT a place to cut and paste '''copyrighted''' material, see [[Radlines:Copyright]]
*Radlines is NOT a place to '''promote''' own research, websites or organizations
*Radlines is not a '''mirror''' or a '''repository''' of images or media files: Uploads need to be relevant in the course of work for a radiologist, and must be properly integrated in its context, see [[Radlines:Editorial guidelines]]
*Radlines is NOT a place for editors who are '''protective''' of their prose: The project is collaborative, which means that other editors may edit, move and sometimes even remove the content
*Radlines is NOT a place to get personal medical '''advice''', see [[Radlines:Disclaimer]]

==Differences from Radiopaedia==
Radlines is in most ways a non-profit and ad-free alternative to Radiopaedia, which is currently the most comprehensive wiki-based reference work in radiology. Radiopaedia is a "business" owned by Investling.com,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://investling.com/|title=Our Businesses|accessdate=2018-05-14|website=Investling.com}}</ref> making profit by advertising and paid subscription. Radlines, on the other hand, is able to run on donations and volunteer time alone.

Radlines also has less restrictive licensing of its content. Radiopedia by default uses the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 license], which makes the material ineligible for integration into for example Wikimedia projects including Wikipedia. The "NonCommercial" part is contradictory to the business nature of the site. Content in Radlines, on the other hand, is by default licensed as [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Attribution 4.0 International license], which will allow the content to be used by a greater amount of scholarly websites around the world. Further information: [[Radlines:Copyright]]

Also, Radiopaedia has limited ability for finding content by hierarchical browsing. Although it has a sorting of articles by "Section" or "System", each of these categories contains hundreds to thousands of articles [https://radiopaedia.org/encyclopaedia/all/musculoskeletal?page=1 (Example)], with limited ability to conveniently find the most relevant content unless knowing the specific article title beforehand. Radlines, on the other hand, allows for browsing by anatomy, modality and visible findings, allowing readers to find the relevant information even without knowing the names for the radiologic findings at hand beforehand, nor which conditions are causing them. Further information: [[Radlines:Editorial_guidelines#Inter-article_structure|Editorial guidelines: Inter-article structure]]

{|class="wikitable"
! !! Radiopaedia !! Radlines
|-
| Non-profit || No || Yes
|-
| Ads or paid subscription || Yes || No
|-
| Financial statement || Secret || Open
|-
| Default license || [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ BY-NC-SA 3.0] || [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ BY 4.0]
|}

Radiopaedia started out in the same (but older versioned) WikiMedia system before switching to a separate platform, but MediaWiki has since evolved substantially, including support for scrollable stacks to display for example CT scans, and VisualEditor for editing without needing to learn wiki coding.

==Differences from other radiology-related sources==
*[http://www.wikiradiography.net/ wikiradiography.net] is a free website for radiographers, sonographers and students of those professions, rather than radiologists.
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/ Wikipedia] is a general encyclopedia that does contain extensive information in radiology, but does not focus on presenting the information in an optimally concise way for radiologists in the course of their work. Otherwise, Radlines shares Wikipedia's feature of having most images uploaded to the shared database Wikimedia Commons [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page] (see also [[Radlines:Upload]]), making such images readily available for both Radlines and other online sources.

==Organization==
Radlines is currently the only member wiki of [[Prowikis]], which is a non-profit organization aimed at the creation and technical maintenance of profession-specific wikis.

:''Further information: '''[[Prowikis]]'''''

===Editors===
{{Editor summary
| name =Mikael Häggström
| qualifications =[[Wikipedia:Doctor_of_Medicine#United_States_and_Canada|MD]]
| position =
| image =Mikael Häggström 2017 (wide).jpg
| link =https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mikael_H%C3%A4ggstr%C3%B6m
| professional_experience =Dr Mikael Häggström is from [[Wikipedia:Uddevalla|Uddevalla]], [[Wikipedia:Sweden|Sweden]], and graduated from [[Wikipedia:Uppsala University Faculty of Medicine|Uppsala University, Faculty of Medicine]] in 2013. He is currently a resident physician at the radiology department at the [[Wikipedia:NU Hospital Group|NU Hospital Group]].
}}

{{Editor summary
| name =Rodrigo Horstmann Castilhos
| qualifications =
| position =
| image =
| link =https://radlines.org/index.php?title=User:Rhcastilhos
| professional_experience =
}}

==History==
[[File:Look of Radlines on the day of its creation.png|thumb|200px|Radlines (then named Radviser) on the day of its creation on April 10, 2018.]]
Radlines was created April 10, 2018 by Mikael Häggström, who is a radiology resident in Sweden, a frequent Wikipedia editor ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mikael_H%C3%A4ggstr%C3%B6m Wikipedia presentation]), and also creator and editor-in-chief of [http://www.wikijmed.org/ WikiJournal of Medicine]. The project was started as "Radviser" on [https://meta.miraheze.org/wiki/Miraheze Miraheze], a free MediaWiki host, but moved to Civihosting servers on May 13. It was renamed to "Radlines" on May 23, 2018.

{|class="wikitable"
! Milestone !! Date !! Article
|-
| 100 pages || August 2, 2018 || [[Pelvic bones]] [https://radlines.org/index.php?title=Pelvic_bones&oldid=1431]
|-
| 200 pages || January 12, 2019 || [[Ultrasonography of hydronephrosis]] [https://radlines.org/index.php?title=Ultrasonography_of_hydronephrosis&oldid=2721]
|}

==See also==
*[[Radlines:Contribute]]
*[[Radlines:Editorial guidelines]]
*[[Radlines:Copyright]]

Social media pages:
*[https://www.facebook.com/radlines.org Facebook]
*[https://twitter.com/Radlines_org Twitter]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Prowikis

2019-09-05T08:51:18Z

Mikael Häggström: Linked

''Prowikis'' is a non-profit foundation aimed at the creation and technical maintenance of profession-specific wikis. Each wiki is a site where any member of the profession can register and contribute to the content. The content in each wiki is the essential material that a professional is expected to need in the course of work, and organized for quick access and relevance in everyday practice.

==Wikis==
<gallery>
File:Logo.png|link=Main|[[Main|Radlines, guidelines for radiologists]]
File:Patholines logo.png|[https://patholines.org Patholines, guidelines for pathologists]
</gallery>

==Board of trustees==
The ''Board of trustees'' discusses and makes decisions regarding the overall operation of member wikis.

{{Board of trustees members|subsection=yes}}

===Join===
For responsibilities and how to apply, see '''[[Prowikis/Board of trustees]]'''

==Financial statement==
Expenses for 2018:

*Server hosting of Radlines May 13, 2018 to May 12, 2019: '''$420'''
*Domain registration of radlines.org and prowikis.org (2 x $12): '''$24'''

==Start or merge a wiki==
See '''[[Prowikis/Bylaws_draft#ARTICLE_III_-_WIKIS|Bylaws draft:Wikis]]''' for criteria, inclusion and organization of member wikis. If you are interested in this endeavor, contact:<br>{{nospam|contact|radlines.org}}

==Bylaws draft==
Bylaws have been drafted but not yet officially approved: '''[[Prowikis/Bylaws draft]]'''

Prowikis

2019-09-05T08:50:34Z

Mikael Häggström: Updated

''Prowikis'' is a non-profit foundation aimed at the creation and technical maintenance of profession-specific wikis. Each wiki is a site where any member of the profession can register and contribute to the content. The content in each wiki is the essential material that a professional is expected to need in the course of work, and organized for quick access and relevance in everyday practice.

==Wikis==
<gallery>
File:Logo.png|Radlines, guidelines for radiologists
File:Patholines logo.png|Patholines, guidelines for pathologists
</gallery>

==Board of trustees==
The ''Board of trustees'' discusses and makes decisions regarding the overall operation of member wikis.

{{Board of trustees members|subsection=yes}}

===Join===
For responsibilities and how to apply, see '''[[Prowikis/Board of trustees]]'''

==Financial statement==
Expenses for 2018:

*Server hosting of Radlines May 13, 2018 to May 12, 2019: '''$420'''
*Domain registration of radlines.org and prowikis.org (2 x $12): '''$24'''

==Start or merge a wiki==
See '''[[Prowikis/Bylaws_draft#ARTICLE_III_-_WIKIS|Bylaws draft:Wikis]]''' for criteria, inclusion and organization of member wikis. If you are interested in this endeavor, contact:<br>{{nospam|contact|radlines.org}}

==Bylaws draft==
Bylaws have been drafted but not yet officially approved: '''[[Prowikis/Bylaws draft]]'''

File:Patholines logo.png

2019-09-05T08:48:10Z

Mikael Häggström: +Source

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Logo of [https://patholines.org Patholines]}}
|date=2019-09-05
|source=[[:File:Microscope silhouette.svg|Microscope silhouette.svg]] (Public Domain)
|author=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{licensing|cc-by-4.0}}

File:Patholines logo.png

2019-09-05T08:47:31Z

Mikael Häggström: User created page with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Logo of [https://patholines.org Patholines]}}
|date=2019-09-05
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{licensing|cc-by-4.0}}

Main

2019-09-04T10:30:26Z

Mikael Häggström: Specified

__NOTOC__
<div id="mp-topbanner" style="clear:both; position:relative; box-sizing:border-box; width:100%; margin:1.2em 0 6px; min-width:20em; border:1px solid #ddd; background-color:#f9f9f9; color:#000;">

<div style="margin:0.4em; text-align:center;">
<div style="font-size:162%; padding:.1em;">Welcome to [[Radlines:About|Radlines]], open access guidelines for radiologists.</div>
</div>
{| role="presentation" id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin-top:4px; border-spacing: 0px;"

| id="mp-left" class="MainPageBG" style="width:339px; border:1px solid #cef2e0; padding:0; background:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
<imagemap>
File:Anatomy_image_for_main_menu.png|
rect 0 23 82 126 [[Projectional radiography]]
rect 87 23 136 126 [[CT]]
rect 0 129 80 198 [[Ultrasonography]]
rect 85 126 141 198 [[MRI]]
rect 0 198 90 260 [[Fluoroscopy]]
rect 175 51 219 121 [[CT of the head]]
rect 234 54 278 121 [[MRI of the head]]
rect 149 8 329 159 [[Head]]
rect 170 180 232 221 [[CT of the neck]]
rect 237 180 311 221 [[X-ray of the cervical spine]]
rect 162 224 265 270 [[Thyroid]]
rect 147 162 332 273 [[Neck]]
rect 28 296 82 365 [[X-ray of the shoulder]]
rect 28 270 131 370 [[Shoulder]]
rect 21 373 126 489 [[Upper arm]]
rect 21 515 72 574 [[X-ray of the elbow]]
rect 18 491 123 579 [[Elbow]]
rect 3 579 111 635 [[Forearm]]
rect 5 659 59 725 [[X-ray of the wrist]]
rect 3 635 69 733 [[Wrist]]
rect 10 759 59 823 [[X-ray of the hand]]
rect 3 736 67 875 [[Hand]]
rect 139 293 196 365 [[X-ray of the thorax]]
rect 206 293 257 363 [[CT of the thorax]]
rect 136 373 203 424 [[Breast]]
rect 211 394 275 419 [[Heart]]
rect 206 368 306 422 [[Vascular]]
rect 131 270 329 427 [[Thorax]]
rect 141 453 203 491 [[Adrenal glands]]
rect 201 450 255 491 [[Liver]]
rect 257 453 324 491 [[Spleen]]
rect 144 494 239 522 [[Biliary tract]]
rect 237 491 322 522 [[Pancreas]]
rect 147 530 201 574 [[Kidney]]
rect 208 520 247 581 [[Aorta]]
rect 208 581 278 633 [[Vertebral column]]
rect 206 520 322 666 [[Stomach and intestines]]
rect 123 641 178 684 [[Pelvic bones]]
rect 144 522 208 612 [[Urinary system]]
rect 193 610 257 692 [[Urinary system]]
rect 111 692 172 751 [[Hip joint]]
rect 193 733 247 777 [[Female reproductive system]]
rect 252 731 304 777 [[Male reproductive system]]
rect 185 666 316 782 [[Reproductive system]]
rect 75 756 134 841 [[X-ray of the hip]]
rect 72 641 178 846 [[Hip]]
rect 123 427 332 790 [[Abdomen and pelvis]]
rect 72 846 232 1011 [[Thigh]]
rect 214 1016 270 1104 [[X-ray of the knee]]
rect 105 1014 278 1147 [[Knee]]
rect 103 1147 278 1397 [[Lower leg]]
rect 216 1399 270 1471 [[X-ray of the ankle]]
rect 105 1394 278 1474 [[Ankle]]
rect 193 1479 275 1533 [[X-ray of the foot]]
rect 105 1474 280 1538 [[Foot]]
rect 10 1024 82 1124 [[Vascular]]
rect 13 1132 82 1245 [[Musculoskeletal]]
rect 10 1371 90 1482 [[Contrast medium reaction]]
rect 3 1266 98 1487 [[Contrast media]]
desc bottom-left
</imagemap>
| id="mp-right" class="MainPageBG" style="border:1px solid #cedff2; padding:0; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"|

<h2 id="mp-itn-h2" style="margin:0.5em; background:#cedff2; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Emergencies</h2>
<div id="mp-itn" style="padding:0.1em 0.6em;">
*[[Trauma]]
*[[Stroke]]
*[[Contrast medium reaction]]</div>

<h2 id="mp-itn-h2" style="margin:0.5em; background:#cedff2; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">[[Radlines:About|About Radlines]]</h2>
<div id="mp-itn" style="padding:0.1em 0.6em;">
Radlines is an international, collaborative, non-profit, ad-free and open access collection of guidelines in radiology. It is created by doctors, providing quick access to the most relevant information.
<br>Further information: [[Radlines:About]]
<div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles.</div>
</div>

<h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#cedff2; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Case of the month</h2>
<div id="mp-otd" style="padding:0.1em 0.6em 0.5em;">[[File:Volume rendered CT scan of a pregnancy of 37 weeks of gestational age (thumbnail).gif|left]]
<br clear="all">Volume rendering of a [[CT scan]] of a pregnancy.</div>

<h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#cedff2; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">[[Abdomen and pelvis]]</h2>
{{Abdomen and pelvis locations}}
*[[Abdominal wall]]
[[Abdomen and pelvis|More abdomen and pelvis]]


<h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#cedff2; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Location-unspecific diseases</h2>
*[[Tumors]]
{{Superficial soft tissue diseases}}
|}