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===Colon diameters===<gallery widths=250 heights=200>File:Main measuring sites of colon diameter.jpg|The diameters of different segments of the large intestine can be compared to the width of lumbar vertebra 2 for more consistent reference ranges on abdominal x-rays.<ref name=Koppen2016>{{cite journal|last1=Koppen|first1=Ilan J. N.|last2=Yacob|first2=Desale|last3=Di Lorenzo|first3=Carlo|last4=Saps|first4=Miguel|last5=Benninga|first5=Marc A.|last6=Cooper|first6=Jennifer N.|last7=Minneci|first7=Peter C.|last8=Deans|first8=Katherine J.|last9=Bates|first9=D. Gregory|last10=Thompson|first10=Benjamin P.|title=Assessing colonic anatomy normal values based on air contrast enemas in children younger than 6 years|journal=Pediatric Radiology|volume=47|issue=3|year=2016|pages=306–312|issn=0301-0449|doi=10.1007/s00247-016-3746-0|url=http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5316394;jsessionid=2F0B0FCBD478428D0B64AA24476321EE}}</ref>File:Ratios of large intestinal segments compared to lumbar vertebra 2.png|Ratios of large intestinal segments compared to lumbar vertebra 2, as 75th percentile, meaning that 25% of children normally have a ratio higher than this.<ref name=Koppen2016/></gallery> ===Leech score===*[[File:Leech scoring areas.jpg|thumb|200px|Areas used for the Leech system of constipation grading.]]For children, the degree of constipation may be scored by the ''Leech'' or the ''Barr'' systems:*The Leech system assigns a score of 0 to 5 based on the amount of feces:<ref name="LeechMcHugh1999">{{cite journal|last1=Leech|first1=Susan C.|last2=McHugh|first2=Kieran|last3=Sullivan|first3=P. B.|title=Evaluation of a method of assessing faecal loading on plain abdominal radiographs in children|journal=Pediatric Radiology|volume=29|issue=4|year=1999|pages=255–258|issn=0301Abdominal X-0449|doi=10.1007/s002470050583}}</ref>:*0: no visible feces :*1: scanty feces visible:*2: mild fecal loading:*3: moderate fecal loading:*4: severe fecal loading:*5: severe fecal loading with bowel dilatation:These score are assigned separately for the right colon, the left colon and the rectosigmoid colon, resulting ray in a maximum score of 15. A Leech score of 9 or greater is regarded as positive for constipation.<ref name="LeechMcHugh1999"/>*The Barr system rates both the amount and consistency of the faeces, and assigns a score separately for the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon and rectum. Its maximum score is 22, and a score of 10 or greater is regarded as positive for constipation.<ref name="G.H.2012">{{cite journal|last1=G.|first1=Anthony|last2=H.|first2=Kathleen|title=The Role of Diagnostic Tests in Constipation in Children|journal=|year=2012|doi=10.5772/29213}}</ref>children]]
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==In children==
==In adults==
