Administrators, Editors, Administrators
3,484
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Created from content previously added to Wikipedia
{{Authors
|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]
|author2=
}}
Bunion is where the big toe often bends towards the other toes.
==Diagnosis==
[[File:HV and IM angles of hallux valgus.jpg|thumb|100px|X-ray showing measurements of HVA and IMA angles of hallux valgus.]]
Bunion can be diagnosed and analyzed by [[projectional radiography]] ("X-ray"), which should be weight-bearing.<ref>[https://books.google.se/books?id=4btAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA533 Page 533] in: {{cite book|title=Essentials of Orthopedic Surgery|author=Sam W. Wiesel, John N. Delahay|edition=3|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2007|isbn=9780387383286}}</ref> The ''hallux valgus angle'' (HVA) is the angle between the longitudinal axes of the [[Phalanx bone|proximal phalanx]] and the first [[metatarsal bone]] of the big toe. It is considered abnormal if greater than 15–18°.<ref name=aofas>{{cite web|url=http://www.aofas.org/PRC/conditions/Pages/Conditions/Hallux-Valgus.aspx|title=Hallux Valgus|website=American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society|accessdate=2016-12-30|author=Rebecca Cerrato, Nicholas Cheney}} Last reviewed June 2015</ref> The following HVA angles can also be used to grade the severity of hallux valgus:<ref name="Piqué-VidalVila2009">{{cite journal|last1=Piqué-Vidal|first1=Carlos|last2=Vila|first2=Joan|title=A geometric analysis of hallux valgus: correlation with clinical assessment of severity|journal=Journal of Foot and Ankle Research|volume=2|issue=1|year=2009|issn=1757-1146|doi=10.1186/1757-1146-2-15}}</ref>
*Mild: 15–20°
*Moderate: 21–39°
*Severe: ≥ 40°
The ''intermetatarsal angle'' (IMA) is the angle between the longitudinal axes of the first and second metatarsal bones, and is normally less than 9°.<ref name=aofas/> The IMA angle can also grade the severity of hallux valgus as:<ref name="Piqué-VidalVila2009"/>
*Mild: 9–11°
*Moderate: 12–17°
*Severe: ≥ 18°
==References==
{{reflist}}
|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]
|author2=
}}
Bunion is where the big toe often bends towards the other toes.
==Diagnosis==
[[File:HV and IM angles of hallux valgus.jpg|thumb|100px|X-ray showing measurements of HVA and IMA angles of hallux valgus.]]
Bunion can be diagnosed and analyzed by [[projectional radiography]] ("X-ray"), which should be weight-bearing.<ref>[https://books.google.se/books?id=4btAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA533 Page 533] in: {{cite book|title=Essentials of Orthopedic Surgery|author=Sam W. Wiesel, John N. Delahay|edition=3|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2007|isbn=9780387383286}}</ref> The ''hallux valgus angle'' (HVA) is the angle between the longitudinal axes of the [[Phalanx bone|proximal phalanx]] and the first [[metatarsal bone]] of the big toe. It is considered abnormal if greater than 15–18°.<ref name=aofas>{{cite web|url=http://www.aofas.org/PRC/conditions/Pages/Conditions/Hallux-Valgus.aspx|title=Hallux Valgus|website=American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society|accessdate=2016-12-30|author=Rebecca Cerrato, Nicholas Cheney}} Last reviewed June 2015</ref> The following HVA angles can also be used to grade the severity of hallux valgus:<ref name="Piqué-VidalVila2009">{{cite journal|last1=Piqué-Vidal|first1=Carlos|last2=Vila|first2=Joan|title=A geometric analysis of hallux valgus: correlation with clinical assessment of severity|journal=Journal of Foot and Ankle Research|volume=2|issue=1|year=2009|issn=1757-1146|doi=10.1186/1757-1146-2-15}}</ref>
*Mild: 15–20°
*Moderate: 21–39°
*Severe: ≥ 40°
The ''intermetatarsal angle'' (IMA) is the angle between the longitudinal axes of the first and second metatarsal bones, and is normally less than 9°.<ref name=aofas/> The IMA angle can also grade the severity of hallux valgus as:<ref name="Piqué-VidalVila2009"/>
*Mild: 9–11°
*Moderate: 12–17°
*Severe: ≥ 18°
==References==
{{reflist}}
