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→Risk factors: Expanded
*Renal or urinary disease
*Thyroid disorders
*Myasthenia gravis: Older forms of iodinated contrast have caused an increased risk of exacerbation of the disease, but modern forms have no immediate increased risk.<ref name="MehriziPascuzzi2014">{{cite journal|last1=Mehrizi|first1=Mehyar|last2=Pascuzzi|first2=Robert M.|title=Complications of radiologic contrast in patients with myasthenia gravis|journal=Muscle & Nerve|volume=50|issue=3|year=2014|pages=443–444|issn=0148639X|doi=10.1002/mus.24254|pmid=24677227}}</ref>*Diabetes and heart disease. : These are aggravating factor in low renal function (see [[CT with IV contrast in low renal function]])
===Low renal function===
In older patients with multinodular goiter and borderline low or subnormal TSH concentrations, a suggested measure is measurement of thyroid function tests three to four weeks after contrast administration.<ref name=UpToDate-thyr/> Limited evidence suggests that antithyroid agents before the investigation may blunt or prevent hyperthyroidism.<ref name=UpToDate-thyr/>
===Pregnancy===
Iodinated contrast in [[medical imaging in pregnancy]], when [[oral administration|orally administered]], is harmless.<ref name=acog>{{cite web|url=https://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Guidelines-for-Diagnostic-Imaging-During-Pregnancy-and-Lactation|title=Guidelines for Diagnostic Imaging During Pregnancy and Lactation|website=[[American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists]]}} February 2016</ref> [[Intravenous administration]] of iodinated radiocontrast agents can cross the [[placenta]] and enter the [[fetal circulation]], but animal studies have reported no [[teratogenic]] or [[mutagenic]] effects from its use. There have been theoretical concerns about potential harm of free iodide on the fetal [[thyroid gland]],<ref name=acog/> but multiple studies have shown that a single dose of intravenously administered iodinated contrast medium to a pregnant mother has no effect on neonatal thyroid function.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.acr.org/~/media/37D84428BF1D4E1B9A3A2918DA9E27A3.pdf|title=ACR Manual on Contrast Media. Version 10.3|year=2017|website=[[American College of Radiology]]|publisher=[[American College of Radiology]] Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media|accessdate=2017-07-30}}</ref> Nevertheless, it generally is recommended that radiocontrast only be used if absolutely required to obtain additional diagnostic information that will improve the care of the fetus or mother.<ref name=acog/>
===Breastfeeding===
[[American College of Radiology]] (ACR) guidelines state that iodinated contrast administration to a breastfeeding mother is considered safe for both the mother and child.<ref name=yale>{{cite web|url=https://medicine.yale.edu/diagnosticradiology/patientcare/policies/breastfeeding.aspx|title=Diagnostic Radiology Procedures on Breastfeeding Patients|website=[[Yale School of Medicine]]|accessdate=2019-07-08}}</ref> Still, mothers who remain concerned about any potential adverse effects to the child are recommended to have the option of abstaining from breastfeeding for 24 hours, with continued milk extraction such as by a [[breast pump]] during that period.<ref name=yale/> Mothers that opt for this for non-emergent exams may also use a breast pump to obtain milk before the exam in order to feed the child during the 24-hour abstinence period.<ref name=yale/>
==Phases==
