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The normal adult testis is an ovoid structure measuring 3 cm in anterior-posteriordimension, 2–4 cm in width, and 3–5 cm in length. Normal volume is 18 cm³ per testis on average (range 12 cm³ to 30 cm³.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=LZsrznAqKnEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=andrology&sig=du3-cvy3ozj6KnifCoXuH2hzpbg#PPA92,M1]" By E. Nieschlag, Hermann M. Behre, H. van. Ahlen, Andrology: Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction"</ref> Both the sizes and weights of the testes normally decrease with age. At ultrasound, the normal testis has a homogeneous, medium-level, granular echotexture. The testicle is surrounded by a dense white fibrous capsule, the tunica albuginea, which is often not visualized in the absence of intrascrotal fluid. However, the tunica is often seen as an echogenic structure where it invaginates into the testis to form the mediastinum testis. In the testis, the seminiferous tubules converge to form the rete testes, which is located in the mediastinum testis. The rete testis connects to the epididymal head via the efferent ductules. The epididymis is located posterolateral to the testis and measures 6–7 cm in length. At sonography, the epididymis is normally iso- or slightly hyperechoic to the
→Anatomy: +Ages
[[File:Ultrasonography of a normal epididymal head.jpg|thumb|Normal epididymal head. The epididymal head, usually iso- or slightly hyperechoic than the testis is seen located cephalad to the testis.<ref name="MakTzeng2012"/>]]
normal testis and its echo texture may be coarser. The head is the largest and most easily identified portion of the epididymis. It is located superior-lateral to the upper pole of the testicle and is often seen on paramedian views of the testis. The normal epididymal body and tail are smaller and more variable in position.<ref name="MakTzeng2012"/>
artery, cremasteric artery, deferential artery, pampiniform plexuses, genitofemoral nerve,
and lymphatic vessel.<ref name="MakTzeng2012"/>
===Testicular size===
{|class="wikitable" align="right"
|colspan=3| '''Testicular size by age''' on average ± standard error (ml)<ref name="PaniaguaMartín1987">{{cite journal|last1=Paniagua|first1=Ricardo|last2=Martín|first2=Agustín|last3=Nistal|first3=Manuel|last4=Amat|first4=Pedro|title=Testicular involution in elderly men: comparison of histologic quantitative studies with hormone patterns*|journal=Fertility and Sterility|volume=47|issue=4|year=1987|pages=671–679|issn=00150282|doi=10.1016/S0015-0282(16)59120-1}}</ref>
|-
!rowspan=2| Age !!colspan=2| Testosterone level
|-
! Normal !! Decreased
|-
| 51-60 || 33.7 ± 2.4 || 31.4 ± 3.2
|-
| 61-70 || 31.0 ± 2.5 || 22.3 ± 2.
|-
| 71-80 || 33.1 ± 2.7 || 19.1 ± 2.8
|-
| 81-90 || 28.8 ± 2.1e || 16.6 ± 3.1
|}
The normal adult testis is an ovoid structure measuring 3 cm in anterior-posterior
dimension, 2–4 cm in width, and 3–5 cm in length. Normal volume is 18 cm³ per testis on average (range 12 cm³ to 30 cm³.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=LZsrznAqKnEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=andrology&sig=du3-cvy3ozj6KnifCoXuH2hzpbg#PPA92,M1]" By E. Nieschlag, Hermann M. Behre, H. van. Ahlen, Andrology: Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction"</ref>
By 70 years of age, most men have developed a combination of decreased testicular size and decreased serum testosterone levels.<ref name="PaniaguaMartín1987"/> However, this does not occur in all men, and it is therefore of value to note a decreased volume regardless of patient age.
==Intratesticular tumors==
