Difference between revisions of "CT with IV contrast"
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==Risk factors== | ==Risk factors== | ||
In Swedish practice<ref>{{NU Hospital Group}}</ref> the standard risk factor questions include presence or absence of: | In Swedish practice<ref>{{NU Hospital Group}}</ref> the standard risk factor questions include presence or absence of: | ||
| − | *Diabetes | + | *Renal or urinary disease |
| + | *Diabetes and heart disease. These are aggravating factor in low renal function (see [[CT with IV contrast in low renal function]]) | ||
*Thyroid disorders | *Thyroid disorders | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
*Myasthenia gravis | *Myasthenia gravis | ||
Revision as of 11:56, 8 July 2019
Author:
Mikael Häggström [notes 1]
Computed tomography (CT) with intravenous (IV) contrast medium:
Contents
Related terms
Bolus tracking is where a specified location within the circulatory system is monitored during IV contrast infusion, and the timing of the main imaging is counted from when the contrast reaches this location (sufficiently to achieve a specified threshold).
Washout is where tissue loads radiocontrast during arterial phase, but then returns to a rather hypodense state in venous or later phases. This is a property of for example hepatocellular carcinoma as compared to the rest of the liver parenchyma.[1]
Risk factors
In Swedish practice[2] the standard risk factor questions include presence or absence of:
- Renal or urinary disease
- Diabetes and heart disease. These are aggravating factor in low renal function (see CT with IV contrast in low renal function)
- Thyroid disorders
- Myasthenia gravis
Low renal function
- Main article: CT with IV contrast in low renal function
Decreased renal function and several other conditions increase the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy, which is a potentially lethal renal injury to the kidney following intravenous radiocontrast.[3]
- When it matters
According to European guidelines, the main risk factors of contrast-induced nephropathy:[4]
- Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of less than 30 ml/min/1.73 m2 before intra-venous or intra-arterial radiocontrast administration with second-pass renal exposure (passing lungs or other tissues before the kidneys).
- eGFR of less than 45 ml/min/1.73 m2 before intra-arterial administration with first-pass renal exposure or in ICU patients
- Known or suspected acute renal failure
- Large doses of radiocontrast given IA with first-pass renal exposure
- Multiple radiocontrast injections within 48-72 h
Further reading: CT with IV contrast in low renal function
Allergy
- Main article: Contrast medium reaction
In a more severe reaction:[5]
- Adrenaline shot, 0.3-0.5mg in adults, given intramuscularly.
- Summon an anesthesiologist
- Prevention
- Main article: Prevention of contrast medium reaction
Before a contrast CT of a patient with known allergic-like or unknown-type of contrast reaction to the same class of contrast medium (such as iodinated), the American College of of Radiology recommends premedication with a glucocorticoid, preferably starting 12 or 13 hours before contrast administration.[6]
Hyperthyroidism
Patients at risk for contrast-induced hyperthyroidism are mainly those with diagnosed yet untreated hyperthyroidism, which may motivate contrast-free alternatives such as using a different modality.[7]
In older patients with multinodular goiter and borderline low or subnormal TSH concentrations, a suggested measure is measurement of thyroid function tests three to four weeks after contrast administration.[7] Limited evidence suggests that antithyroid agents before the investigation may blunt or prevent hyperthyroidism.[7]
Phases
Depending on the purpose of the investigation, there are standardized protocols for time intervals between intravenous radiocontrast administration and image acquisition, in order to visualize the dynamics of contrast enhancements in different organs and tissues.[8] The main phases thereof are as follows in table below.[9]
CT angiography is a CT scan corresponding with contrast filling one or more blood vessels of interest.
| Phase | Time from injection[9] | Time from bolus tracking in proximal aorta[9] | Targeted structures and findings[9] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Non-enhanced CT (NECT) | - | - |
|
| Pulmonary arterial phase | 6-13 sec[10] | - | |
| Pulmonary venous phase | 17-24 sec[10] | - | |
| Early systemic arterial phase | 15-20 sec | immediately |
|
| Late systemicarterial phase Sometimes also called "arterial phase" or "early venous portal phase" |
35-40 sec | 15-20 sec |
|
| Pancreatic phase | 30[11] or 40[12] - 50[12] sec | 20-30 sec |
|
| Hepatic (most accurate) or late portal phase | 70-80 sec | 50-60 sec |
|
| Nephrogenic phase | 100 sec | 80 sec |
|
| Systemic venous phase | 180 sec[13] | 160 sec |
|
| Delayed phase Sometimes called "wash out phase" or "equilibrium phase" |
6[9]-15[13] minutes | 6[9]-15[13] minutes |
|
Locations
See CT#By location (CT with IV contrast, including CT angiography, is organized as other CT examinations).
Notes
- ↑ For a full list of contributors, see article history. Creators of images are attributed at the image description pages, seen by clicking on the images. See Radlines:Authorship for details.
References
- ↑ Choi, Jin-Young; Lee, Jeong-Min; Sirlin, Claude B. (2014). "CT and MR Imaging Diagnosis and Staging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Part II. Extracellular Agents, Hepatobiliary Agents, and Ancillary Imaging Features ". Radiology 273 (1): 30–50. doi:. ISSN 0033-8419. PMID 25247563.
- ↑ NU Hospital Group, Sweden
- ↑ Rudnick, M.; Feldman, H. (2008). "Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: What Are the True Clinical Consequences? ". Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 3 (1): 263–272. doi:. ISSN 1555-9041.
- ↑ Nyman, Ulf; Ahlkvist, Joanna; Aspelin, Peter; Brismar, Torkel; Frid, Anders; Hellström, Mikael; Liss, Per; Sterner, Gunnar; et al. (2018). "Preventing contrast medium-induced acute kidney injury ". European Radiology. doi:. ISSN 0938-7994.
- ↑ Unless otherwise specified in lists and table: . Hypersensitivity reactions against contrast media - Swedish Society of Uroradiology [Swedish: Överkänslighetsreaktioner mot kontrastmedel – SURFs kontrastmedelsgrupp ], 2014-10-17].
- ↑ . Page 9 in: ACR Manual On Contrast Media. American College of Radiology, Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media. Retrieved on 2018-08-25. Version 10.3. 2018. ACR
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Martin I Surks, MD. Iodine-induced thyroid dysfunction. UpToDate. This topic last updated: Apr 02, 2019.
- ↑ Bae, Kyongtae T. (2010). "Intravenous Contrast Medium Administration and Scan Timing at CT: Considerations and Approaches ". Radiology 256 (1): 32–61. doi:. ISSN 0033-8419.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Robin Smithuis. CT contrast injection and protocols. Radiology Assistant. Retrieved on 2017-12-13.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Page 584 in: Ákos Jobbágy (2012). 5th European Conference of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering 14 - 18 September 2011, Budapest, Hungary. Volume 37 of IFMBE Proceedings . Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783642235085.
- ↑ Raman SP, Fishman EK (2012). "Advances in CT Imaging of GI Malignancies. ". Gastrointest Cancer Res 5 (3 Suppl 1): S4-9. PMID 22876336. PMC: 3413036. Archived from the original. .
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Otto van Delden and Robin Smithuis. Pancreas - Carcinoma. Radiology Assistant. Retrieved on 2017-12-15.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Dongqing Wang (2013). Selected Topics on Computed Tomography . ISBN 9789535111023. License: CC-BY-3.0. Chapter 1: "Computed Tomography in Abdominal Imaging: How to Gain Maximum Diagnostic Information at the Lowest Radiation Dose" by Kristie Guite, Louis Hinshaw and Fred Lee. DOI: 10.5772/55903
