https://radlines.org/index.php?title=X-ray_of_hip_dysplasia&feed=atom&action=historyX-ray of hip dysplasia - Revision history2024-03-29T14:56:50ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.33.0https://radlines.org/index.php?title=X-ray_of_hip_dysplasia&diff=3953&oldid=prevMikael Häggström: /* Measurements in children */ Specified2020-02-01T08:35:53Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Measurements in children: </span> Specified</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*(A) '''Hilgenreiner line'''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. It is considered a basal line joining </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">top aspect </del>of the triradiate <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cartilages</del>. This line is used to measure the acetabular angle and as a reference for Perkin line.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*(A) '''Hilgenreiner line'''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, connects </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">inferior tips </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the iliac bones,<ref>[https://books.google.se/books?id=12DEBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA298 Page 298] in: {{cite book|title=Pediatric Orthopedic Imaging|author=Rebecca Stein-Wexler, Sandra L. Wootton-Gorges, M.B. Ozonoff|publisher=Springer|year=2014|isbn=9783642453816}}</ref> at </ins>the triradiate <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cartilage</ins>. This line is used to measure the acetabular angle and as a reference for Perkin line.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*(B) '''Perkin line''' is perpendicular to Hilgenreiner line, touching the lateral margin of the acetabulum. This leads to four quadrants and a normal femoral head has to be located in the inferomedial quadrant. We can measure the lateral displacement of the femoral head with regard to the Perkin line by dividing the width of the head that crosses the Perkin line by the diameter of the head. The value for patients under 3 years must be 0 and in older children this ranges from 0 to 22%.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*(B) '''Perkin line''' is perpendicular to Hilgenreiner line, touching the lateral margin of the acetabulum. This leads to four quadrants and a normal femoral head has to be located in the inferomedial quadrant. We can measure the lateral displacement of the femoral head with regard to the Perkin line by dividing the width of the head that crosses the Perkin line by the diameter of the head. The value for patients under 3 years must be 0 and in older children this ranges from 0 to 22%.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*(C) '''Shenton line''' is a continuous arc drawn from the inner edge of the femoral neck to the superior margin of the obturator foramen. In children over about 3 to 4 years of age, this line should be smooth and undisrupted, otherwise it may indicate a fracture or hip dysplasia.<ref>Page [https://books.google.se/books?id=EKlGaJAv4y0C&pg=PA1000 Page 1000] in: {{cite book|title=Lovell and Winter's Pediatric Orthopaedics|author=Wood W. Lovell, Robert B. Winter, Raymond T. Morrissy, Stuart L. Weinstein|year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781753586}}</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*(C) '''Shenton line''' is a continuous arc drawn from the inner edge of the femoral neck to the superior margin of the obturator foramen. In children over about 3 to 4 years of age, this line should be smooth and undisrupted, otherwise it may indicate a fracture or hip dysplasia.<ref>Page [https://books.google.se/books?id=EKlGaJAv4y0C&pg=PA1000 Page 1000] in: {{cite book|title=Lovell and Winter's Pediatric Orthopaedics|author=Wood W. Lovell, Robert B. Winter, Raymond T. Morrissy, Stuart L. Weinstein|year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781753586}}</ref></div></td></tr>
</table>Mikael Häggströmhttps://radlines.org/index.php?title=X-ray_of_hip_dysplasia&diff=3926&oldid=prevMikael Häggström: /* Report */ {{Public Domain example}}2019-09-13T09:11:22Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Report: </span> {{Public Domain example}}</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| [[File:X-ray of measurements in hip dysplasia, with numbers.jpg|150px]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| [[File:X-ray of measurements in hip dysplasia, with numbers.jpg|150px]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Left-sided hip dysplasia, with normal acetabular index. Mild lateralization, with Reimer's migration index of 35%. Normal ossification of the femoral heads.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Left-sided hip dysplasia, with normal acetabular index. Mild lateralization, with Reimer's migration index of 35%. Normal ossification of the femoral heads.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Mikael Häggströmhttps://radlines.org/index.php?title=X-ray_of_hip_dysplasia&diff=3898&oldid=prevMikael Häggström: /* Image quality checking */ Named2019-08-21T08:27:15Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Image quality checking: </span> Named</span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:27, 21 August 2019</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Image quality checking===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Image quality checking===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Image quality checking of pediatric pelvis.jpg|thumb|250px|Image quality checking.]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Image quality checking of pediatric pelvis.jpg|thumb|250px|Image quality checking.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Pelvic </del>rotation can be evaluated by dividing the horizontal diameter of the obturator foramen of the right side and that of the left. In neutral rotation the ratio is 1 but is considered to be acceptable when it is between 0.56 and 1.8. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''Obturator foramen diameter ratio''' (of Tönnis): A quotient of </ins>rotation <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">that </ins>can be evaluated by dividing the horizontal diameter of the obturator foramen of the right side and that of the left. In neutral rotation the ratio is 1 but is considered to be acceptable when it is between 0.56 and 1.8.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Pelvic volar/dorsal tilt can be evaluated by lines </del>drawn from the highest point of the ischium to the most prominent point of the symphysis, joining at the inside of the pelvis. The range of normal values is from 90 to 135° and is related to the infant’s age.<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''Symphysis os-ischium angle''' (of Tönnis): This evaluates the pelvic position in the sagittal plane. Lines are </ins>drawn from the highest point of the ischium to the most prominent point of the symphysis, joining at the inside of the pelvis. The range of normal values is from 90 to 135° and is related to the infant’s age.<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Measurements in children==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Measurements in children==</div></td></tr>
</table>Mikael Häggströmhttps://radlines.org/index.php?title=X-ray_of_hip_dysplasia&diff=3491&oldid=prevMikael Häggström: /* Further workup */ purpose2019-07-05T06:08:54Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Further workup: </span> purpose</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Reimer's migration index (crop).png|thumb|300px|Reimer's migration index.]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Reimer's migration index (crop).png|thumb|300px|Reimer's migration index.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In case of hip dysplasia, also perform the following:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In case of hip dysplasia, also perform the following:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Reimer's migration index'' (MI), also called the ''femoral extrusion index'',<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is calculated if </del>hip <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dysplasia is detected</del>. It is the horizontal distance (parallel to the ''Hilgenreiner Line'') between the Perkin line and the lateral border of the ossification center of the femoral head, divided by the horizontal width of the ossification center. The migration index is normally less than 33% by most sources,<ref name=Persiani>{{cite web|url=http://www.actaorthopaedica.be/acta/download/2008-5/06-Persiani%20et%20al.pdf|title=Hip subluxation and dislocation in cerebral palsy: Outcome of bone surgery in 21 hips|author1=Pietro PERSIANI|author2=Iakov MOLAYEM|year=2008|author3=Alessandro CALISTRI|author4=Stefano ROSI|author5=Marco BOVE|author6=Ciro VILLANI|journal=Acta Orthop. Belg.}}</ref> but 25% and 30% has also been suggested.<ref name="StottPiedrahita2007">{{cite journal|last1=Stott|first1=N Susan|last2=Piedrahita|first2=Luis|title=Effects of surgical adductor releases for hip subluxation in cerebral palsy: an AACPDM evidence report*|journal=Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology|volume=46|issue=9|year=2007|pages=628–645|issn=00121622|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8749.2004.tb01029.x}}</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Reimer's migration index<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'</ins>'' (MI), also called the ''femoral extrusion index'',<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in order to detect and quantify any </ins>hip <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dislocation</ins>. It is the horizontal distance (parallel to the ''Hilgenreiner Line'') between the Perkin line and the lateral border of the ossification center of the femoral head, divided by the horizontal width of the ossification center. The migration index is normally less than 33% by most sources,<ref name=Persiani>{{cite web|url=http://www.actaorthopaedica.be/acta/download/2008-5/06-Persiani%20et%20al.pdf|title=Hip subluxation and dislocation in cerebral palsy: Outcome of bone surgery in 21 hips|author1=Pietro PERSIANI|author2=Iakov MOLAYEM|year=2008|author3=Alessandro CALISTRI|author4=Stefano ROSI|author5=Marco BOVE|author6=Ciro VILLANI|journal=Acta Orthop. Belg.}}</ref> but 25% and 30% has also been suggested.<ref name="StottPiedrahita2007">{{cite journal|last1=Stott|first1=N Susan|last2=Piedrahita|first2=Luis|title=Effects of surgical adductor releases for hip subluxation in cerebral palsy: an AACPDM evidence report*|journal=Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology|volume=46|issue=9|year=2007|pages=628–645|issn=00121622|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8749.2004.tb01029.x}}</ref></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Report===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Report===</div></td></tr>
</table>Mikael Häggströmhttps://radlines.org/index.php?title=X-ray_of_hip_dysplasia&diff=3490&oldid=prevMikael Häggström: /* Further workup */ Redundant2019-07-05T06:07:57Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Further workup: </span> Redundant</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Reimer's migration index (crop).png|thumb|300px|Reimer's migration index.]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Reimer's migration index (crop).png|thumb|300px|Reimer's migration index.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In case of hip dysplasia, also perform the following:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In case of hip dysplasia, also perform the following:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Reimer's migration index'' (MI), also called the ''femoral extrusion index'',<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/> is calculated if hip dysplasia is detected<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. It can be used to indicate [[hip dislocation]]</del>. It is the horizontal distance (parallel to the ''Hilgenreiner Line'') between the Perkin line and the lateral border of the ossification center of the femoral head, divided by the horizontal width of the ossification center. The migration index is normally less than 33% by most sources,<ref name=Persiani>{{cite web|url=http://www.actaorthopaedica.be/acta/download/2008-5/06-Persiani%20et%20al.pdf|title=Hip subluxation and dislocation in cerebral palsy: Outcome of bone surgery in 21 hips|author1=Pietro PERSIANI|author2=Iakov MOLAYEM|year=2008|author3=Alessandro CALISTRI|author4=Stefano ROSI|author5=Marco BOVE|author6=Ciro VILLANI|journal=Acta Orthop. Belg.}}</ref> but 25% and 30% has also been suggested.<ref name="StottPiedrahita2007">{{cite journal|last1=Stott|first1=N Susan|last2=Piedrahita|first2=Luis|title=Effects of surgical adductor releases for hip subluxation in cerebral palsy: an AACPDM evidence report*|journal=Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology|volume=46|issue=9|year=2007|pages=628–645|issn=00121622|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8749.2004.tb01029.x}}</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Reimer's migration index'' (MI), also called the ''femoral extrusion index'',<ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/> is calculated if hip dysplasia is detected. It is the horizontal distance (parallel to the ''Hilgenreiner Line'') between the Perkin line and the lateral border of the ossification center of the femoral head, divided by the horizontal width of the ossification center. The migration index is normally less than 33% by most sources,<ref name=Persiani>{{cite web|url=http://www.actaorthopaedica.be/acta/download/2008-5/06-Persiani%20et%20al.pdf|title=Hip subluxation and dislocation in cerebral palsy: Outcome of bone surgery in 21 hips|author1=Pietro PERSIANI|author2=Iakov MOLAYEM|year=2008|author3=Alessandro CALISTRI|author4=Stefano ROSI|author5=Marco BOVE|author6=Ciro VILLANI|journal=Acta Orthop. Belg.}}</ref> but 25% and 30% has also been suggested.<ref name="StottPiedrahita2007">{{cite journal|last1=Stott|first1=N Susan|last2=Piedrahita|first2=Luis|title=Effects of surgical adductor releases for hip subluxation in cerebral palsy: an AACPDM evidence report*|journal=Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology|volume=46|issue=9|year=2007|pages=628–645|issn=00121622|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8749.2004.tb01029.x}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Report===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Report===</div></td></tr>
</table>Mikael Häggströmhttps://radlines.org/index.php?title=X-ray_of_hip_dysplasia&diff=3489&oldid=prevMikael Häggström: /* Further workup */ Detailed2019-07-05T06:06:37Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Further workup: </span> Detailed</span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 06:06, 5 July 2019</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l45" >Line 45:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 45:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Reimer's migration index (crop).png|thumb|300px|Reimer's migration index.]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Reimer's migration index (crop).png|thumb|300px|Reimer's migration index.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In case of hip dysplasia, also perform the following:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In case of hip dysplasia, also perform the following:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Reimer's migration index''', <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which </del>can be used to indicate hip dislocation. The migration index <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(MI) </del>is normally less than 33%<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.actaorthopaedica.be/acta/download/2008-5/06-Persiani%20et%20al.pdf|title=Hip subluxation and dislocation in cerebral palsy: Outcome of bone surgery in 21 hips|author1=Pietro PERSIANI|author2=Iakov MOLAYEM|year=2008|author3=Alessandro CALISTRI|author4=Stefano ROSI|author5=Marco BOVE|author6=Ciro VILLANI|journal=Acta Orthop. Belg.}}</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Reimer's migration index'<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">' (MI), also called the ''femoral extrusion index</ins>'',<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name="Ruiz SantiagoSantiago Chinchilla2016"/> is calculated if hip dysplasia is detected. It </ins>can be used to indicate <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>hip dislocation<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]. It is the horizontal distance (parallel to the ''Hilgenreiner Line'') between the Perkin line and the lateral border of the ossification center of the femoral head, divided by the horizontal width of the ossification center</ins>. The migration index is normally less than 33% <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">by most sources,</ins><ref <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">name=Persiani</ins>>{{cite web|url=http://www.actaorthopaedica.be/acta/download/2008-5/06-Persiani%20et%20al.pdf|title=Hip subluxation and dislocation in cerebral palsy: Outcome of bone surgery in 21 hips|author1=Pietro PERSIANI|author2=Iakov MOLAYEM|year=2008|author3=Alessandro CALISTRI|author4=Stefano ROSI|author5=Marco BOVE|author6=Ciro VILLANI|journal=Acta Orthop. Belg.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ref> but 25% and 30% has also been suggested.<ref name="StottPiedrahita2007">{{cite journal|last1=Stott|first1=N Susan|last2=Piedrahita|first2=Luis|title=Effects of surgical adductor releases for hip subluxation in cerebral palsy: an AACPDM evidence report*|journal=Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology|volume=46|issue=9|year=2007|pages=628–645|issn=00121622|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8749.2004.tb01029.x</ins>}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Report===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Report===</div></td></tr>
</table>Mikael Häggströmhttps://radlines.org/index.php?title=X-ray_of_hip_dysplasia&diff=3488&oldid=prevMikael Häggström: /* Image quality checking */ +Projections2019-07-04T14:21:19Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Image quality checking: </span> +Projections</span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:21, 4 July 2019</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l10" >Line 10:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 10:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Planning==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Planning==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Hip dysplasia - choice of modality}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Hip dysplasia - choice of modality}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">===Projections===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*Anteroposterior view including both hip joints.<ref>[https://books.google.se/books?id=oMVOCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA317 Page 317] in: {{cite book|title=Pediatric Orthopedics in Practice|author=Fritz Hefti|publisher=Springer|year=2015|isbn=9783662468104}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*Some guidelines also recommend a Lauenstein ("frog leg") projection.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Radiographic-Outcomes-and-Evaluation-of-Dysplasia-Ventura-Monteiro/5d73260cfec142bee85d5a814e07f0ad63dde2ef|title=Radiographic Outcomes and Evaluation of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip in Children|author=Sandra M. Rua Ventura, Altino Monteiro|year=2010|publisher=Polytechnic Institute of Porto}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Image quality checking===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Image quality checking===</div></td></tr>
</table>Mikael Häggströmhttps://radlines.org/index.php?title=X-ray_of_hip_dysplasia&diff=3487&oldid=prevMikael Häggström: /* Planning */ =2019-07-04T14:15:10Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Planning: </span> =</span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:15, 4 July 2019</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l11" >Line 11:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 11:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Hip dysplasia - choice of modality}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Hip dysplasia - choice of modality}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</del>Image quality checking</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">===</ins>Image quality checking<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Image quality checking of pediatric pelvis.jpg|thumb|250px|Image quality checking.]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Image quality checking of pediatric pelvis.jpg|thumb|250px|Image quality checking.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Pelvic rotation can be evaluated by dividing the horizontal diameter of the obturator foramen of the right side and that of the left. In neutral rotation the ratio is 1 but is considered to be acceptable when it is between 0.56 and 1.8. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Pelvic rotation can be evaluated by dividing the horizontal diameter of the obturator foramen of the right side and that of the left. In neutral rotation the ratio is 1 but is considered to be acceptable when it is between 0.56 and 1.8. </div></td></tr>
</table>Mikael Häggströmhttps://radlines.org/index.php?title=X-ray_of_hip_dysplasia&diff=3486&oldid=prevMikael Häggström: /* Planning */ Templated2019-07-04T14:09:32Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Planning: </span> Templated</span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:09, 4 July 2019</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l9" >Line 9:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Planning==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Planning==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;Choice </del>of modality</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{Hip dysplasia - choice </ins>of modality<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Ultrasonography of hip dysplasia]] yields better results defining the anatomy until the cartilage is ossified. When the infant is around 3 months old a clear roentgenographic image can be achieved. Unfortunately, the time at which the joint gives a good x-ray image is also the point at which nonsurgical treatment methods cease to give good results.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>;Image quality checking</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>;Image quality checking</div></td></tr>
</table>Mikael Häggströmhttps://radlines.org/index.php?title=X-ray_of_hip_dysplasia&diff=3475&oldid=prevMikael Häggström: /* Measurements in children */ Corrected2019-07-04T11:45:13Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Measurements in children: </span> Corrected</span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:45, 4 July 2019</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*(A) '''Hilgenreiner line'''. It is considered a basal line joining the top aspect of the triradiate cartilages. This line is used to measure the acetabular angle and as a reference for Perkin line.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*(A) '''Hilgenreiner line'''. It is considered a basal line joining the top aspect of the triradiate cartilages. This line is used to measure the acetabular angle and as a reference for Perkin line.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*(B) '''Perkin line''' is perpendicular to Hilgenreiner line, touching the lateral margin of the acetabulum. This leads to four quadrants and a normal femoral head has to be located in the inferomedial quadrant. We can measure the lateral displacement of the femoral head with regard to the Perkin line by dividing the width of the head that crosses the Perkin line by the diameter of the head. The value for patients under 3 years must be 0 and in older children this ranges from 0 to 22%.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*(B) '''Perkin line''' is perpendicular to Hilgenreiner line, touching the lateral margin of the acetabulum. This leads to four quadrants and a normal femoral head has to be located in the inferomedial quadrant. We can measure the lateral displacement of the femoral head with regard to the Perkin line by dividing the width of the head that crosses the Perkin line by the diameter of the head. The value for patients under 3 years must be 0 and in older children this ranges from 0 to 22%.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*(C) '''Shenton line''' is a continuous arc drawn from the inner edge of the femoral neck to the superior margin of the obturator foramen. In children over about 3 to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5 </del>years of age, this line should be smooth and undisrupted, otherwise it may indicate a fracture or hip dysplasia.<ref>Page [https://books.google.se/books?id=EKlGaJAv4y0C&pg=PA1000 Page 1000] in: {{cite book|title=Lovell and Winter's Pediatric Orthopaedics|author=Wood W. Lovell, Robert B. Winter, Raymond T. Morrissy, Stuart L. Weinstein|year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781753586}}</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*(C) '''Shenton line''' is a continuous arc drawn from the inner edge of the femoral neck to the superior margin of the obturator foramen. In children over about 3 to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4 </ins>years of age, this line should be smooth and undisrupted, otherwise it may indicate a fracture or hip dysplasia.<ref>Page [https://books.google.se/books?id=EKlGaJAv4y0C&pg=PA1000 Page 1000] in: {{cite book|title=Lovell and Winter's Pediatric Orthopaedics|author=Wood W. Lovell, Robert B. Winter, Raymond T. Morrissy, Stuart L. Weinstein|year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781753586}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*(D) The '''acetabular index''' measures the acetabular roof slope. It is the most useful measure of acetabular dysplasia until 6 years of age. It is formed between Hilgenreiner line and the acetabular roof. In newborns, values of '''30° ±4° in females''' and '''26° ±5° in males''' are considered normal. Gradually this angle becomes smaller, with a mean value of '''20° ±3° in females''' and '''18° ±4° in males''' at 1 year of age.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*(D) The '''acetabular index''' measures the acetabular roof slope. It is the most useful measure of acetabular dysplasia until 6 years of age. It is formed between Hilgenreiner line and the acetabular roof. In newborns, values of '''30° ±4° in females''' and '''26° ±5° in males''' are considered normal. Gradually this angle becomes smaller, with a mean value of '''20° ±3° in females''' and '''18° ±4° in males''' at 1 year of age.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Mikael Häggström