Difference between revisions of "X-ray of the abdomen and pelvis"

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[[File:Main measuring sites of colon diameter.jpg|thumb|The diameters of different segments of the large intestine can be compared to the width of [[lumbar vertebra 2]] for more consistent reference ranges on [[abdominal x-ray]]s.<ref name=Koppen2016>{{cite journal|last1=Koppen|first1=Ilan J. N.|last2=Yacob|first2=Desale|last3=Di Lorenzo|first3=Carlo|last4=Saps|first4=Miguel|last5=Benninga|first5=Marc A.|last6=Cooper|first6=Jennifer N.|last7=Minneci|first7=Peter C.|last8=Deans|first8=Katherine J.|last9=Bates|first9=D. Gregory|last10=Thompson|first10=Benjamin P.|title=Assessing colonic anatomy normal values based on air contrast enemas in children younger than 6 years|journal=Pediatric Radiology|volume=47|issue=3|year=2016|pages=306–312|issn=0301-0449|doi=10.1007/s00247-016-3746-0|url=http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5316394;jsessionid=2F0B0FCBD478428D0B64AA24476321EE}}</ref>]]
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[[File:Ratios of large intestinal segments compared to lumbar vertebra 2.png|thumb|Ratios of large intestinal segments compared to lumbar vertebra 2, as 75th [[percentile]], meaning that 25% of children normally have a ratio higher than this.<ref name=Koppen2016/>]]
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|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]
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For children, the degree of constipation may be scored by the ''Leech'' or the ''Barr'' systems:
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Projectional radiography ("X-ray") of the abdomen and pelvis:
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[[File:Leech scoring areas.jpg|thumb|Areas used for the Leech system of constipation grading.]]
 
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*The Leech system assigns a score of 0 to 5 based on the amount of feces:<ref name="LeechMcHugh1999">{{cite journal|last1=Leech|first1=Susan C.|last2=McHugh|first2=Kieran|last3=Sullivan|first3=P. B.|title=Evaluation of a method of assessing faecal loading on plain abdominal radiographs in children|journal=Pediatric Radiology|volume=29|issue=4|year=1999|pages=255–258|issn=0301-0449|doi=10.1007/s002470050583}}</ref>
 
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:*0: no visible feces
 
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:*1: scanty feces visible
 
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:*2: mild fecal loading
 
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:*3: moderate fecal loading
 
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:*4: severe fecal loading
 
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:*5: severe fecal loading with bowel dilatation
 
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:These score are assigned separately for the right colon, the left colon and the rectosigmoid colon, resulting in a maximum score of 15. A Leech score of 9 or greater is regarded as positive for constipation.<ref name="LeechMcHugh1999"/>
 
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*The Barr system rates both the amount and consistency of the faeces, and assigns a score separately for the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon and rectum. Its maximum score is 22, and a score of 10 or greater is regarded as positive for constipation.<ref name="G.H.2012">{{cite journal|last1=G.|first1=Anthony|last2=H.|first2=Kathleen|title=The Role of Diagnostic Tests in Constipation in Children|journal=|year=2012|doi=10.5772/29213}}</ref>
 
  
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==References==
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==Locations==
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{{reflist}}
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===Large intestine (colon)===
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{{Main|X-ray of the large intestine}}
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===Small intestine===
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On abdominal X-rays, the small intestine is considered to be abnormally dilated when the diameter exceeds 3&nbsp;cm.<ref name=medscape>{{cite web|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/374962-overview|title=Small-Bowel Obstruction Imaging|website=[[Medscape]]|date=2016-09-22|author=Ali Nawaz Khan|accessdate=2017-02-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiologymasterclass.co.uk/tutorials/abdo/abdomen_x-ray_abnormalities/pathology_small_bowel_obstruction|title=Abdominal X-ray - Abnormal bowel gas pattern|website=radiologymasterclass.co.uk|accessdate=2017-02-07}}</ref>
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In barium or capsule swallow studies, delayed small intestinal transit time can be diagnosed by a transit time from ingestion to presence in the cecum of over 6 hours.<ref>[https://books.google.se/books?id=PBrYCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 Page 43] in: {{cite book|title=The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Digestive System: Part II - Lower Digestive Tract E-Book|author=James C Reynolds|edition=2|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|year=2016|isbn=9780323389358}}</ref><ref>Page 1961 in: {{cite journal|title=Hepato-gastroenterology|volume=50|publisher=Thieme|year=2003}} Issues 52-54</ref>
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==Diseases==
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*[[Abdominal X-ray in constipation in children]]
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*[[Barium swallow X-ray in bowel obstruction]]
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{{Bottom}}

Latest revision as of 13:14, 23 December 2018

Author: Mikael Häggström [notes 1]

Projectional radiography ("X-ray") of the abdomen and pelvis:

Locations

Large intestine (colon)

Main article: X-ray of the large intestine

Small intestine

On abdominal X-rays, the small intestine is considered to be abnormally dilated when the diameter exceeds 3 cm.[1][2]

In barium or capsule swallow studies, delayed small intestinal transit time can be diagnosed by a transit time from ingestion to presence in the cecum of over 6 hours.[3][4]

Diseases

Notes

  1. ↑ For a full list of contributors, see article history. Creators of images are attributed at the image description pages, seen by clicking on the images. See Radlines:Authorship for details.

References

  1. ↑ Ali Nawaz Khan (2016-09-22). Small-Bowel Obstruction Imaging. Medscape. Retrieved on 2017-02-07.
  2. ↑ . Abdominal X-ray - Abnormal bowel gas pattern. radiologymasterclass.co.uk. Retrieved on 2017-02-07.
  3. ↑ Page 43 in: James C Reynolds (2016). The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Digestive System: Part II - Lower Digestive Tract E-Book (2 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9780323389358. 
  4. ↑ Page 1961 in: Hepato-gastroenterology . 50. Thieme. 2003.  Issues 52-54
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