Difference between revisions of "X-ray of the abdomen and pelvis"
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==In children== | ==In children== | ||
| − | + | ===Colon diameters=== | |
| − | + | <gallery widths=250 heights=200> | |
| + | File:Main measuring sites of colon diameter.jpg|The diameters of different segments of the large intestine can be compared to the width of lumbar vertebra 2 for more consistent reference ranges on abdominal x-rays.<ref name=Koppen2016>{{cite journal|last1=Koppen|first1=Ilan J. N.|last2=Yacob|first2=Desale|last3=Di Lorenzo|first3=Carlo|last4=Saps|first4=Miguel|last5=Benninga|first5=Marc A.|last6=Cooper|first6=Jennifer N.|last7=Minneci|first7=Peter C.|last8=Deans|first8=Katherine J.|last9=Bates|first9=D. Gregory|last10=Thompson|first10=Benjamin P.|title=Assessing colonic anatomy normal values based on air contrast enemas in children younger than 6 years|journal=Pediatric Radiology|volume=47|issue=3|year=2016|pages=306–312|issn=0301-0449|doi=10.1007/s00247-016-3746-0|url=http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5316394;jsessionid=2F0B0FCBD478428D0B64AA24476321EE}}</ref> | ||
| + | File:Ratios of large intestinal segments compared to lumbar vertebra 2.png|Ratios of large intestinal segments compared to lumbar vertebra 2, as 75th percentile, meaning that 25% of children normally have a ratio higher than this.<ref name=Koppen2016/> | ||
| + | </gallery> | ||
| + | ===Leech score=== | ||
| + | [[File:Leech scoring areas.jpg|thumb|200px|Areas used for the Leech system of constipation grading.]] | ||
For children, the degree of constipation may be scored by the ''Leech'' or the ''Barr'' systems: | For children, the degree of constipation may be scored by the ''Leech'' or the ''Barr'' systems: | ||
| − | |||
*The Leech system assigns a score of 0 to 5 based on the amount of feces:<ref name="LeechMcHugh1999">{{cite journal|last1=Leech|first1=Susan C.|last2=McHugh|first2=Kieran|last3=Sullivan|first3=P. B.|title=Evaluation of a method of assessing faecal loading on plain abdominal radiographs in children|journal=Pediatric Radiology|volume=29|issue=4|year=1999|pages=255–258|issn=0301-0449|doi=10.1007/s002470050583}}</ref> | *The Leech system assigns a score of 0 to 5 based on the amount of feces:<ref name="LeechMcHugh1999">{{cite journal|last1=Leech|first1=Susan C.|last2=McHugh|first2=Kieran|last3=Sullivan|first3=P. B.|title=Evaluation of a method of assessing faecal loading on plain abdominal radiographs in children|journal=Pediatric Radiology|volume=29|issue=4|year=1999|pages=255–258|issn=0301-0449|doi=10.1007/s002470050583}}</ref> | ||
:*0: no visible feces | :*0: no visible feces | ||
Revision as of 11:14, 28 May 2018
Author:
Mikael Häggström [notes 1]
Projectional radiography ("X-ray") of the abdomen and pelvis:
In children
Colon diameters
The diameters of different segments of the large intestine can be compared to the width of lumbar vertebra 2 for more consistent reference ranges on abdominal x-rays.[1]
Ratios of large intestinal segments compared to lumbar vertebra 2, as 75th percentile, meaning that 25% of children normally have a ratio higher than this.[1]
Leech score
For children, the degree of constipation may be scored by the Leech or the Barr systems:
- The Leech system assigns a score of 0 to 5 based on the amount of feces:[2]
- 0: no visible feces
- 1: scanty feces visible
- 2: mild fecal loading
- 3: moderate fecal loading
- 4: severe fecal loading
- 5: severe fecal loading with bowel dilatation
- These score are assigned separately for the right colon, the left colon and the rectosigmoid colon, resulting in a maximum score of 15. A Leech score of 9 or greater is regarded as positive for constipation.[2]
- The Barr system rates both the amount and consistency of the faeces, and assigns a score separately for the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon and rectum. Its maximum score is 22, and a score of 10 or greater is regarded as positive for constipation.[3]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Koppen, Ilan J. N.; Yacob, Desale; Di Lorenzo, Carlo; Saps, Miguel; Benninga, Marc A.; Cooper, Jennifer N.; Minneci, Peter C.; Deans, Katherine J.; et al. (2016). "Assessing colonic anatomy normal values based on air contrast enemas in children younger than 6 years ". Pediatric Radiology 47 (3): 306–312. doi:. ISSN 0301-0449. Archived from the original. .
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Leech, Susan C.; McHugh, Kieran; Sullivan, P. B. (1999). "Evaluation of a method of assessing faecal loading on plain abdominal radiographs in children ". Pediatric Radiology 29 (4): 255–258. doi:. ISSN 0301-0449.
- ↑ G., Anthony; H., Kathleen (2012). The Role of Diagnostic Tests in Constipation in Children . doi:.
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