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| | Projectional radiography ("X-ray") of the abdomen and pelvis: | | Projectional radiography ("X-ray") of the abdomen and pelvis: |
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| − | ==In children== | + | ==Large intestine (colon)== |
| − | ===Colon diameters===
| + | {{Main|X-ray of the large intestine}} |
| − | <gallery widths=250 heights=200>
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| − | File:Main measuring sites of colon diameter.jpg|The diameters of different segments of the large intestine can be compared to the width of lumbar vertebra 2 for more consistent reference ranges on abdominal x-rays.<ref name=Koppen2016>{{cite journal|last1=Koppen|first1=Ilan J. N.|last2=Yacob|first2=Desale|last3=Di Lorenzo|first3=Carlo|last4=Saps|first4=Miguel|last5=Benninga|first5=Marc A.|last6=Cooper|first6=Jennifer N.|last7=Minneci|first7=Peter C.|last8=Deans|first8=Katherine J.|last9=Bates|first9=D. Gregory|last10=Thompson|first10=Benjamin P.|title=Assessing colonic anatomy normal values based on air contrast enemas in children younger than 6 years|journal=Pediatric Radiology|volume=47|issue=3|year=2016|pages=306–312|issn=0301-0449|doi=10.1007/s00247-016-3746-0|url=http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5316394;jsessionid=2F0B0FCBD478428D0B64AA24476321EE}}</ref>
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| − | File:Ratios of large intestinal segments compared to lumbar vertebra 2.png|Ratios of large intestinal segments compared to lumbar vertebra 2, as 75th percentile, meaning that 25% of children normally have a ratio higher than this.<ref name=Koppen2016/>
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| − | </gallery>
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| | | | |
| − | ===Leech score=== | + | ==Small intestine== |
| − | [[File:Leech scoring areas.jpg|thumb|200px|Areas used for the Leech system of constipation grading.]]
| + | On abdominal X-rays, the small intestine is considered to be abnormally dilated when the diameter exceeds 3 cm.<ref name=medscape>{{cite web|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/374962-overview|title=Small-Bowel Obstruction Imaging|website=[[Medscape]]|date=2016-09-22|author=Ali Nawaz Khan|accessdate=2017-02-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiologymasterclass.co.uk/tutorials/abdo/abdomen_x-ray_abnormalities/pathology_small_bowel_obstruction|title=Abdominal X-ray - Abnormal bowel gas pattern|website=radiologymasterclass.co.uk|accessdate=2017-02-07}}</ref> |
| − | For children, the degree of constipation may be scored by the ''Leech'' or the ''Barr'' systems:
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| − | *The Leech system assigns a score of 0 to 5 based on the amount of feces:<ref name="LeechMcHugh1999">{{cite journal|last1=Leech|first1=Susan C.|last2=McHugh|first2=Kieran|last3=Sullivan|first3=P. B.|title=Evaluation of a method of assessing faecal loading on plain abdominal radiographs in children|journal=Pediatric Radiology|volume=29|issue=4|year=1999|pages=255–258|issn=0301-0449|doi=10.1007/s002470050583}}</ref>
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| − | :*0: no visible feces
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| − | :*1: scanty feces visible
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| − | :*2: mild fecal loading
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| − | :*3: moderate fecal loading
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| − | :*4: severe fecal loading
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| − | :*5: severe fecal loading with bowel dilatation
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| − | :These score are assigned separately for the right colon, the left colon and the rectosigmoid colon, resulting in a maximum score of 15. A Leech score of 9 or greater is regarded as positive for constipation.<ref name="LeechMcHugh1999"/>
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| − | *The Barr system rates both the amount and consistency of the faeces, and assigns a score separately for the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon and rectum. Its maximum score is 22, and a score of 10 or greater is regarded as positive for constipation.<ref name="G.H.2012">{{cite journal|last1=G.|first1=Anthony|last2=H.|first2=Kathleen|title=The Role of Diagnostic Tests in Constipation in Children|journal=|year=2012|doi=10.5772/29213}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | ==In adults==
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| − | <gallery widths=250 heights=200>
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| − | File:Diameters of the large intestine.svg|Average inner diameters and ranges of different sections of the large intestine, not accounting for geometric magnification of projectional radiography.<ref name=Nguyen>{{cite journal |vauthors=Nguyen H, Loustaunau C, Facista A, Ramsey L, Hassounah N, Taylor H, Krouse R, Payne CM, Tsikitis VL, Goldschmid S, Banerjee B, Perini RF, Bernstein C |title=Deficient Pms2, ERCC1, Ku86, CcOI in field defects during progression to colon cancer |journal=J Vis Exp |volume= |issue=41 |pages= |year=2010 |pmid=20689513 |pmc=3149991 |doi=10.3791/1931 |url=}}</ref>
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| − | </gallery>
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| | {{reflist}} | | {{reflist}} |
