Difference between revisions of "X-ray of flat feet"
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|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] | |author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] | ||
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==Planning== | ==Planning== | ||
| − | Flat feet can be diagnosed clinically, but projectional radiography ("X-ray") is helpful in uncertain cases. It can be used for severity grading, although this has little implication for treatment options.<ref name="indications" group=" | + | Flat feet can be diagnosed clinically, but projectional radiography ("X-ray") is helpful in uncertain cases. It can be used for severity grading, although this has little implication for treatment options.<ref name="indications" group="notes">Indications for non-surgical treatment is based on pain: |
| + | *{{cite web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flatfeet/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372609|title=Flatfeet|website=Mayo Clinic|accessdate=2018-07-04}} | ||
| + | Indications for surgery are failure of non-surgical treatment as well as a flexible rather than stiff arch: | ||
| + | *{{cite journal|last1=Vulcano|first1=Ettore|last2=Deland|first2=Jonathan T.|last3=Ellis|first3=Scott J.|title=Approach and treatment of the adult acquired flatfoot deformity|journal=Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine|volume=6|issue=4|year=2013|pages=294–303|issn=1935-973X|doi=10.1007/s12178-013-9173-z}} | ||
| + | *{{cite web|url=http://www.aofas.org/footcaremd/treatments/Pages/Flatfoot-Surgical-Correction.aspx|title=Flatfoot Surgical Correction|website=American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society|accessdate=2018-07-04}} | ||
| + | </ref> In children, X-ray may be taken in more severe cases of flat feet in order to determine the extent of the deformity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14483-flatfoot-in-children/diagnosis-and-tests|title=Flatfoot in Children: Diagnosis and Tests - How is pediatric flatfoot diagnosed?|website=Cleveland Clinic|accessdate=2018-07-09}}</ref> | ||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
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<gallery mode="packed" heights=160px> | <gallery mode="packed" heights=160px> | ||
File:Talonavicular coverage angle.jpg|Dorsoplantar [[projectional radiograph]] of the foot showing the measurement of the talonavicular coverage angle. | File:Talonavicular coverage angle.jpg|Dorsoplantar [[projectional radiograph]] of the foot showing the measurement of the talonavicular coverage angle. | ||
| − | File:Calcaneal pitch.jpg|Weight-bearing lateral [[Projectional radiography|X-ray]] showing the measurement of [[calcaneal pitch]], which is an angle of the [[calcaneus]] and the inferior aspect of the foot, with different sources giving different reference points.<ref name="pitch" group=" | + | File:Calcaneal pitch.jpg|Weight-bearing lateral [[Projectional radiography|X-ray]] showing the measurement of [[calcaneal pitch]], which is an angle of the [[calcaneus]] and the inferior aspect of the foot, with different sources giving different reference points.<ref name="pitch" group="notes">Detailed explanations and references are located in the [[Calcaneal pitch]] article.</ref> A calcaneal pitch of less than 17° or 18° indicates flat feet.<ref name="uw-planus" /> |
File:Talar-1st metatarsal angle (Meary's angle).jpg|Same lateral X-ray showing the measurement of Meary's angle, which is the angle between the long axis of the [[Talus bone|talus]] and [[first metatarsal bone]].<ref name="uw-planus" /> An angle greater than 4° convex downward is considered a flat foot.<ref name="uw-planus" /> | File:Talar-1st metatarsal angle (Meary's angle).jpg|Same lateral X-ray showing the measurement of Meary's angle, which is the angle between the long axis of the [[Talus bone|talus]] and [[first metatarsal bone]].<ref name="uw-planus" /> An angle greater than 4° convex downward is considered a flat foot.<ref name="uw-planus" /> | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
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Report presence or absence of flat feet. To put in simpler words, an abnormally laterally rotated talonavicular coverage angle can be described as "laterally pointed navicular bone", and an abnormally decreased calcaneal pitch and abnormally downward-convex Meary's angle can be described as "fallen arch". | Report presence or absence of flat feet. To put in simpler words, an abnormally laterally rotated talonavicular coverage angle can be described as "laterally pointed navicular bone", and an abnormally decreased calcaneal pitch and abnormally downward-convex Meary's angle can be described as "fallen arch". | ||
| − | Upon request, severity can be given, as the value of Meary's angle or simply as "mild", "moderate" or "severe", otherwise it is not necessary to report.<ref name="indications" group=" | + | Upon request, severity can be given, as the value of Meary's angle or simply as "mild", "moderate" or "severe", otherwise it is not necessary to report.<ref name="indications" group="notes"/> |
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Latest revision as of 11:30, 26 September 2018
Author:
Mikael Häggström [notes 1]
Flat feet is a postural deformity in which the arches of the foot collapse, with the entire sole of the foot coming into complete or near-complete contact with the ground.
Planning
Flat feet can be diagnosed clinically, but projectional radiography ("X-ray") is helpful in uncertain cases. It can be used for severity grading, although this has little implication for treatment options.[notes 2] In children, X-ray may be taken in more severe cases of flat feet in order to determine the extent of the deformity.[1]
Diagnosis
On X-ray, flat feet can be diagnosed and graded by several measures, the most important in adults being the talonavicular coverage angle, the calcaneal pitch, and the talar-1st metatarsal angle (Meary's angle).[2] The talonavicular coverage angle is abnormally laterally rotated in flat feet.[2] It is normally up to 7 degrees laterally rotated, so a greater rotation indicates flat feet.[2] Radiographies generally need to be taken on weightbearing feet in order to detect misalignment.[3]
Dorsoplantar projectional radiograph of the foot showing the measurement of the talonavicular coverage angle.
Weight-bearing lateral X-ray showing the measurement of calcaneal pitch, which is an angle of the calcaneus and the inferior aspect of the foot, with different sources giving different reference points.[notes 3] A calcaneal pitch of less than 17° or 18° indicates flat feet.[2]
Same lateral X-ray showing the measurement of Meary's angle, which is the angle between the long axis of the talus and first metatarsal bone.[2] An angle greater than 4° convex downward is considered a flat foot.[2]
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Severity
Meary's angle angle 15° - 30° is considered "moderate" flat foot, and greater than 30° is considered "severe" flat foot.[2]
Associated findings
Pediatric lateral X-ray of a flat foot with C-sign, which is a bony bridge between the talar dome and sustentaculum tali, in combination with a prominent inferior border of the sustentaculum tali. This represents a talocalcaneal coalition, which is an abnormal connection between the talus and calcaneus, and is thought to cause the flat foot deformity in this case.[4]
Report
- See also: General notes on reporting
Report presence or absence of flat feet. To put in simpler words, an abnormally laterally rotated talonavicular coverage angle can be described as "laterally pointed navicular bone", and an abnormally decreased calcaneal pitch and abnormally downward-convex Meary's angle can be described as "fallen arch".
Upon request, severity can be given, as the value of Meary's angle or simply as "mild", "moderate" or "severe", otherwise it is not necessary to report.[notes 2]
Notes
- ↑ For a full list of contributors, see article history. Creators of images are attributed at the image description pages, seen by clicking on the images. See Radlines:Authorship for details.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Indications for non-surgical treatment is based on pain:
- . Flatfeet. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved on 2018-07-04.
- Vulcano, Ettore; Deland, Jonathan T.; Ellis, Scott J. (2013). "Approach and treatment of the adult acquired flatfoot deformity
- . Flatfoot Surgical Correction. American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society. Retrieved on 2018-07-04.
- ↑ Detailed explanations and references are located in the Calcaneal pitch article.
References
- ↑ . Flatfoot in Children: Diagnosis and Tests - How is pediatric flatfoot diagnosed?. Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved on 2018-07-09.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 . Pes Planus. University of Washington, Department of Radiology. Last modified: 2016/08/14
- ↑ Dan J Bell and Yuranga Weerakkody. Pes planus. Radiopaedia. Retrieved on 2018-03-01.
- ↑ Zhou, Binghua; Tang, Kanglai; Hardy, Mark (2014). "Talocalcaneal coalition combined with flatfoot in children: diagnosis and treatment: a review ". Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research 9 (1). doi:. ISSN 1749-799X. (CC BY 4.0)
