Difference between revisions of "X-ray of bunion"
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|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] | |author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] | ||
|author2= | |author2= | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | Bunion is where the big toe often bends towards the other toes. | + | Bunion (hallux valgus) is where the big toe often bends towards the other toes. |
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
| − | [[File:HV and IM angles of hallux valgus.jpg|thumb|100px|X-ray showing measurements of | + | [[File:HV and IM angles of hallux valgus.jpg|thumb|100px|X-ray showing measurements of HV and IM angles of hallux valgus.]] |
| − | Bunion can be diagnosed and analyzed by [[projectional radiography]] ("X-ray"), which should be weight-bearing.<ref>[https://books.google.se/books?id=4btAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA533 Page 533] in: {{cite book|title=Essentials of Orthopedic Surgery|author=Sam W. Wiesel, John N. Delahay|edition=3|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2007|isbn=9780387383286}}</ref> The ''hallux valgus angle'' (HVA) is the angle between the longitudinal axes of the [[Phalanx bone|proximal phalanx]] and the first [[metatarsal bone]] of the big toe. It is considered abnormal if greater than 15–18°.<ref name=aofas>{{cite web|url=http://www.aofas.org/PRC/conditions/Pages/Conditions/Hallux-Valgus.aspx|title=Hallux Valgus|website=American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society|accessdate=2016-12-30|author=Rebecca Cerrato, Nicholas Cheney}} Last reviewed June 2015</ref> The following | + | Bunion can be diagnosed and analyzed by [[projectional radiography]] ("X-ray"), which should be weight-bearing.<ref>[https://books.google.se/books?id=4btAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA533 Page 533] in: {{cite book|title=Essentials of Orthopedic Surgery|author=Sam W. Wiesel, John N. Delahay|edition=3|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2007|isbn=9780387383286}}</ref> The ''hallux valgus angle'' (HVA) is the angle between the longitudinal axes of the [[Phalanx bone|proximal phalanx]] and the first [[metatarsal bone]] of the big toe. It is considered abnormal if greater than 15–18°.<ref name=aofas>{{cite web|url=http://www.aofas.org/PRC/conditions/Pages/Conditions/Hallux-Valgus.aspx|title=Hallux Valgus|website=American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society|accessdate=2016-12-30|author=Rebecca Cerrato, Nicholas Cheney}} Last reviewed June 2015</ref> The following HV angles can also be used to grade the severity of hallux valgus:<ref name="Piqué-VidalVila2009">{{cite journal|last1=Piqué-Vidal|first1=Carlos|last2=Vila|first2=Joan|title=A geometric analysis of hallux valgus: correlation with clinical assessment of severity|journal=Journal of Foot and Ankle Research|volume=2|issue=1|year=2009|issn=1757-1146|doi=10.1186/1757-1146-2-15}}</ref> |
*Mild: 15–20° | *Mild: 15–20° | ||
*Moderate: 21–39° | *Moderate: 21–39° | ||
*Severe: ≥ 40° | *Severe: ≥ 40° | ||
| − | The ''intermetatarsal angle'' (IMA) is the angle between the longitudinal axes of the first and second metatarsal bones, and is normally less than 9°.<ref name=aofas/> The | + | The ''intermetatarsal angle'' (IMA) is the angle between the longitudinal axes of the first and second metatarsal bones, and is normally less than 9°.<ref name=aofas/> The IM angle can also grade the severity of hallux valgus as:<ref name="Piqué-VidalVila2009"/> |
*Mild: 9–11° | *Mild: 9–11° | ||
*Moderate: 12–17° | *Moderate: 12–17° | ||
*Severe: ≥ 18° | *Severe: ≥ 18° | ||
| − | == | + | ==Report== |
| − | {{ | + | Presence or absence of hallux valgus, and the numerical values of the HV and IM angles. |
| + | {{Reporting}} | ||
| + | {{Bottom}} | ||
Latest revision as of 09:54, 30 July 2019
Author:
Mikael Häggström [notes 1]
Bunion (hallux valgus) is where the big toe often bends towards the other toes.
Contents
Diagnosis
Bunion can be diagnosed and analyzed by projectional radiography ("X-ray"), which should be weight-bearing.[1] The hallux valgus angle (HVA) is the angle between the longitudinal axes of the proximal phalanx and the first metatarsal bone of the big toe. It is considered abnormal if greater than 15–18°.[2] The following HV angles can also be used to grade the severity of hallux valgus:[3]
- Mild: 15–20°
- Moderate: 21–39°
- Severe: ≥ 40°
The intermetatarsal angle (IMA) is the angle between the longitudinal axes of the first and second metatarsal bones, and is normally less than 9°.[2] The IM angle can also grade the severity of hallux valgus as:[3]
- Mild: 9–11°
- Moderate: 12–17°
- Severe: ≥ 18°
Report
Presence or absence of hallux valgus, and the numerical values of the HV and IM angles.
- See also: General notes on reporting
Notes
- ↑ For a full list of contributors, see article history. Creators of images are attributed at the image description pages, seen by clicking on the images. See Radlines:Authorship for details.
References
- ↑ Page 533 in: Sam W. Wiesel, John N. Delahay (2007). Essentials of Orthopedic Surgery (3 ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9780387383286.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Rebecca Cerrato, Nicholas Cheney. Hallux Valgus. American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society. Retrieved on 2016-12-30. Last reviewed June 2015
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Piqué-Vidal, Carlos; Vila, Joan (2009). "A geometric analysis of hallux valgus: correlation with clinical assessment of severity ". Journal of Foot and Ankle Research 2 (1). doi:. ISSN 1757-1146.
