X-ray of bunion
Author:
Mikael Häggström [notes 1]
Bunion is where the big toe often bends towards the other toes.
Diagnosis
Bunion can be diagnosed and analyzed by projectional radiography ("X-ray"), which should be weight-bearing.[1] The hallux valgus angle (HVA) is the angle between the longitudinal axes of the proximal phalanx and the first metatarsal bone of the big toe. It is considered abnormal if greater than 15–18°.[2] The following HVA angles can also be used to grade the severity of hallux valgus:[3]
- Mild: 15–20°
- Moderate: 21–39°
- Severe: ≥ 40°
The intermetatarsal angle (IMA) is the angle between the longitudinal axes of the first and second metatarsal bones, and is normally less than 9°.[2] The IMA angle can also grade the severity of hallux valgus as:[3]
- Mild: 9–11°
- Moderate: 12–17°
- Severe: ≥ 18°
References
- ↑ Page 533 in: Sam W. Wiesel, John N. Delahay (2007). Essentials of Orthopedic Surgery (3 ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9780387383286.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Rebecca Cerrato, Nicholas Cheney. Hallux Valgus. American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society. Retrieved on 2016-12-30. Last reviewed June 2015
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Piqué-Vidal, Carlos; Vila, Joan (2009). "A geometric analysis of hallux valgus: correlation with clinical assessment of severity ". Journal of Foot and Ankle Research 2 (1). doi:. ISSN 1757-1146.
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